Graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for controlled release and targeted delivery of an anticancer active agent, chlorogenic acid

Abstract

We have synthesized graphene oxide using improved Hummer's method in order to explore the potential use of the resulting graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for an active anticancer agent, chlorogenic acid (CA). The synthesized graphene oxide and chlorogenic acid-graphene oxide nanocomposite (CAGO) were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry analysis, Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV-vis spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques. The successful conjugation of chlorogenic acid onto graphene oxide through hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, FTIR analysis and X-ray diffraction patterns. The loading of CA in the nanohybrid was estimated to be around 13.1% by UV-vis spectroscopy. The release profiles showed favourable, sustained and pH-dependent release of CA from CAGO nanocomposite and conformed well to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Furthermore, the designed anticancer nanohybrid was thermally more stable than its counterpart. The in vitro cytotoxicity results revealed insignificant toxicity effect towards normal cell line, with a viability of >80% even at higher concentration of 50μg/mL. Contrarily, CAGO nanocomposite revealed enhanced toxic effect towards evaluated cancer cell lines (HepG2 human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line, and HeLa human cervical cancer cell line) compared to its free form.

Sustained release of anticancer agent phytic acid from its chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles for drug-delivery system

“…These nanocomposites are widely used as nanodelivery systems that enhance the biodistribution of drugs and selectively target diseased tissues while protecting healthy tissues. 1,2 Various nanocarriers including liposomes, [3][4][5][6] cell-based nanocarriers, 7 polymers, 8 carbon materials, 9,10 dendrimers, 11 and inorganic nanoparticles 12,13 have been employed for gene and drug delivery systems, which have shown efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Recently, much attention has been devoted to polymer-based nanoparticles (…”

Current Use of Carbon-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications—A Prospective and Review

“…A simple methodology has been utilized by fabricating a nano-composite from GO and drugs. An investigation of Farahnaz Barahuie et al, has stated that the fabrication of GO as a drug carrier for chlorogenic acid (CA) can be administered as a pH-sensitive platform for the controlled discharge of CA from GO [38]. CA loaded GO showed a lesser and negligible toxic effect on normal cells, whereas highly toxic effects were observed towards cancer cell lines.…”

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Graphene-Based Adsorbents in Wastewater Treatment

“…Barahuie et al [49] in 2017 had detailed about the preparation of miniature graphene sheets in mass production using four di erent types of methods, which helps to get sheets in economic cost suitable for introducing and using in various applications. Paredes et al [50] in 2011 have International Journal of Chemical Engineering elaborately discussed about the preparation of graphene and its nanoparticles from various waste and bioprecursors like paper cups, hemp, glucose, rice husk, cookies, cockroach legs, and grass.…”