Graphene oxide-based microspheres for the dispersive solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal estrogens from water samples

Abstract

a b s t r a c tA modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method based on the dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the determination of non-steroidal estrogens in water samples. In this study, graphene oxide-based silica microspheres (SiO 2 @GO) were used as dSPE material for the preconcentration of analytes. HPLC was used for the separation and detection. This was the first time that the synthesized SiO 2 @GO microspheres were used as stationary phases for the off-line preconcentration of the non-steroidal estrogens in dSPE. dSPE parameters, such as sample pH, volume and type of eluent were optimized. Application of the developed method to analyze spiked lake, reservoir and tap water samples resulted in good recoveries values ranging from 70 to 106% with relative standard deviation values lower than 7.0% in all cases. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.2-6.1 g/L. The combined data obtained in this study recommended that the proposed method is very fast, simple, repeatable and accurate for the detection of non-steroidal estrogens. Furthermore, the SiO 2 @GO microspheres application could potentially be expanded to extract and pre-concentrate other compounds in various matrices.

Magnetic graphene oxide modified by imidazole‐based ionic liquids for the magnetic‐based solid‐phase extraction of polysaccharides from brown alga

“…Recently, there has been increasing interest in GO as a new sorbent in analytical chemistry . GO has been applied as highly efficient adsorbent for SPE and MSPE for various analytes ranging from small molecules of environmental contaminants to biomolecules, such as proteins , non‐steroidal estrogens , and carbamate pesticides . GO has rich oxygenated groups, such as a considerable amount of hydroxyl, epoxide functional groups on both surfaces of each sheet, and carboxyl groups mostly at the sheet edges .…”

A graphene oxide surface–molecularly imprinted polymer as a dispersive solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of cefadroxil in water samples

“…In addition to graphene, GO, a two-dimensional monolayer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice has attracted much attention in recent years because of its ultrahigh specic surface area. 13,14 GO, a precursor to graphene aer reduction, contains a range of reactive hydroxyl, carboxyl, and epoxide functional groups on its basal plane, making it a good candidate for use in chemical functionalization reactions, 15,16 including the synthesis of MIPs on the surface of GO. 17,18 Moreover, GO sheets can greatly improve the chemical and physical properties when incorporated in composite materials.…”

Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Organic Compounds Based on Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites

“…Due to its superior properties such as good thermal and mechanical stability as well as its high surface area, graphene oxide has been used in multiple scientific fields including heterogenous catalysis, gas sorption, storage and separation, sensors and drug delivery [25].In analytical chemistry, GO has been successfully employed for the sample preparation of a wide variety of samples including biological, food and environmental matrices [26][27][28]. Graphene oxide consists of one-atom-thick two-dimensional layers of sp 2 -bonded carbon and the material is rich in oxygen-containing groups including hydroxyl, carboxyl and epoxy groups, which assist the interaction between the sorbent and organic molecules through strong π-π stacking, hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding [29][30][31].Graphene oxide is an ultra-light material that poses high dispersibility in aqueous solutions as well as high hydrophilicity which makes its separation from this kind of solutions difficult. In order to improve the separation, GO can form magnetic nanocomposites with magnetite through electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged graphene oxide sheets and the positively charged surface of Fe 3 O 4 [32].…”

“…">Nanocomposites of GO with Fe 3 O 4 NanoparticlesDue to its high surface area and its superparamagnetic properties GO/Fe 3 O 4 has been employed for the extraction of a wide variety of organic compounds from various samples. The surface of magnetic graphene oxide is rich in hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, which assist the interaction between the sorbent and the target analytes through strong π-π stacking, hydrophobic interaction as well as hydrogen bonding [26][27][28][29][30][31]. Figure 1 shows the structure of graphite, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and magnetic graphene oxide.…”

“…In analytical chemistry, GO has been successfully employed for the sample preparation of a wide variety of samples including biological, food and environmental matrices [26][27][28]. Graphene oxide consists of one-atom-thick two-dimensional layers of sp 2 -bonded carbon and the material is rich in oxygen-containing groups including hydroxyl, carboxyl and epoxy groups, which assist the interaction between the sorbent and organic molecules through strong π-π stacking, hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding [29][30][31].…”