Graphene Oxide-Based Nanocarriers for Cancer Imaging and Drug Delivery

Abstract

Nano graphene oxide (nGO) is a member of graphene family, which is a novel, one-atom-thickness, two-dimensional carbon nanomaterial. In comparison with graphene, nGO contains much higher extent of reactive chemical functionalities such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and epoxy group, so as to enable its easier biochemo-functionalization, higher biocompatibility, and greater potentials of applications in biomedicine fields. Up to now, nGO has attracted extensive research interests in nanomedicine and drug delivery systems for cancer imaging and therapy due to its unique biochemical and in vivo properties. This review generally describes the preparation, functionalization, and toxicity of nGO firstly, and then focuses on the studies of biomedical applications for cancer imaging and drug delivery.

Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Exhibit Cardiotoxicity Through the Regulation of Lipid Peroxidation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

“…As a "wonder material, " graphene is composed of singlelayer sheet-like and two-dimensional carbon atoms with sp2 hybridized hexagonal honeycomb structure (Choi and Lee, 2016). Currently, it has been applied in biomedical fields, including drug delivery (Yang et al, 2015), cellular imaging (You et al, 2015), solid/liquid phase microextraction (Rezaeifar et al, 2016), and cancer therapy (Rahman et al, 2015;Krasteva et al, 2019). Recently, a variety of graphene-derived nanomaterials (GFNs), such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO), have attracted a lot of interest in biomedical applications due to their exceptional physical and chemical properties, including good thermal stability, excellent mechanical strength, and high electronic conductivity (Zhang et al, 2016;Papageorgiou et al, 2017).…”

New generation of drug delivery systems based on ginsenoside Rh2-, Lysine- and Arginine-treated highly porous graphene for improving anticancer activity

“…The main aims of conjugation of drugs with nanostructures are enhancement of activity on cancerous cells as well as unstable drug retention in patient’s body and reduction of side effect on normal cells for both drugs and nanostructures 25 – 28 . Among different nanomaterials, graphene has been highly regarded by different scientists as a potent drug delivery substrate 29 – 32 . It is a single, tightly packed layer of carbon atoms that are bonded together in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice.…”

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for stimuli-responsive controlled drug delivery: advances, challenges, and outlook

“…Over the past decades, several nano-sized DDSs have been developed and applied by targeted drug delivery to cancer cells, such as liposomes, [4][5][6][7] polymeric micelles, [8][9][10][11] dendrimers, [12][13][14][15][16] carbon nanotubes, [17][18][19][20][21][22] inorganic nanoparticles, [23][24][25][26] and silica-based materials. [27][28][29][30][31] Among them, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have attracted much attention due to their unique physiochemical properties, such as large specific surface area and pore volume, controllable particle size, remarkable stability and biocompatibility, and high drug-loading capacity.…”