Graphene Oxide in Lossy Mode Resonance-Based Optical Fiber Sensors for Ethanol Detection

Hernáez, Miguel; Mayes, Andrew G.; Melendi-Espina, Sonia

doi:10.3390/s18010058

Cited by 37 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Graphene and GO conductivity are modified as a function of surface adsorption, resulting in an effective refractive index variation. This feature was explored for gas [14,15], volatile organic compounds [16,17], biological compounds [18,19], and humidity [20] detection. Additionally, graphene also has been explored as diaphragm material for fiber sensors based on Fabry-Perot interferometry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning of Fiber Optic Surface Reflectivity through Graphene Oxide-Based Layer-by-Layer Film Coatings

et al. 2020

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The use of graphene oxide-based coatings on optical fibers are investigated, aiming to tune the reflectivity of optical fiber surfaces for use in precision sensing devices. Graphene oxide (GO) layers are successfully deposited onto optical fiber ends, either in cleaved or hollow microspheres, by mounting combined bilayers of polyethylenimine (PEI) and GO layers using the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique. The reflectivity of optical fibers coated with graphene oxide layers is investigated for the telecom region allowing to both monitor layer growth kinetics and cavity characterization. Tunable reflective surfaces are successfully attained in both cleaved optical fibers and hollow microsphere fiber-based sensors by simply coating them with PEI/GO layers through the LbL film technique.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning of Fiber Optic Surface Reflectivity through Graphene Oxide-Based Layer-by-Layer Film Coatings

et al. 2020

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“…Besides polyelectrolyte-carbon allotropes multi-layered film, the LbL-ESA technique is also adopted for the development of metal oxide-polyelectrolyte-carbon allotrope films on optical fiber substrates. In a work done by Hernaez et al [119], the deposition of PEI/GO multi-layered films onto a tin oxide-coated multimode fiber has significantly enhanced its sensitivity for ethanol sensing by 20% and 210% for one and four bilayers of PEI/GO, respectively. Henceforth, LbL-ESA method of fabricating carbon-allotrope coatings have become one of the most favorable deposition technique to develop a wide range of OFS.…”

Section: Layer-by-layer Electrostatic Self-assembly (Lbl-esa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is attributed to the presence of optical and catalytically active Ag nanoparticles that are sensitive to the local refractive index change induced by the binding of ethanol molecules, and thus, enhances the output signal. Aside from attaining an LOD of 1%, the Ag/rGO coated fiber sensor also recorded a response time of 11 s and a rapid recovery time of only 6 s. Hernaez et al [119] also studied lossy mode resonance (LMR)-based SnO 2 /PEI/GO coated multimode fiber for ethanol sensing (Figure 8). The LMRs yield an absorption band/resonance peak at a specific wavelength in the transmission spectrum and is modulated by the variation in the surrounding refractive index stimulated by the ethanol molecules being absorbed onto the surface coating.…”

Section: Alcoholmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Allotrope-Based Optical Fibers for Environmental and Biological Sensing: A Review

Yap

Chan

Tjin

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Recently, carbon allotropes have received tremendous research interest and paved a new avenue for optical fiber sensing technology. Carbon allotropes exhibit unique sensing properties such as large surface to volume ratios, biocompatibility, and they can serve as molecule enrichers. Meanwhile, optical fibers possess a high degree of surface modification versatility that enables the incorporation of carbon allotropes as the functional coating for a wide range of detection tasks. Moreover, the combination of carbon allotropes and optical fibers also yields high sensitivity and specificity to monitor target molecules in the vicinity of the nanocoating surface. In this review, the development of carbon allotropes-based optical fiber sensors is studied. The first section provides an overview of four different types of carbon allotropes, including carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, graphene, and nanodiamonds. The second section discusses the synthesis approaches used to prepare these carbon allotropes, followed by some deposition techniques to functionalize the surface of the optical fiber, and the associated sensing mechanisms. Numerous applications that have benefitted from carbon allotrope-based optical fiber sensors such as temperature, strain, volatile organic compounds and biosensing applications are reviewed and summarized. Finally, a concluding section highlighting the technological deficiencies, challenges, and suggestions to overcome them is presented.2 of 43 of target molecules or physical parameters. In some instances, surface-modified carbon allotropes also permit multi-parameter detection capabilities of carbon allotrope-based OFS [7]. As such, an insight into the recent advances of carbon allotrope-based OFS can serve as a guideline to develop an effective detection approach for emerging real-world applications. Many review articles on carbon allotrope-based OFS mainly focus on a single type of carbon allotrope and the fundamental theory of carbon allotrope-based OFS [8,9]. Thus, this comprehensive review article encompasses the properties, preparation, sensing mechanisms, nanocoating deposition techniques, physical and biochemical sensing applications. This review aims to highlight the recent research work on carbon allotrope-based OFS that will serve as a reference guide for researchers to develop optimal detection approaches for physical parameters or trace level monitoring of chemical and biomolecules. Four groups of carbon allotropes, including carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon dots (CDs), graphene, and nanodiamonds (NDs), will be studied. Commonly adopted synthesis approaches, classification of various deposition techniques for the integration of carbon allotropes as the thin film coating of OFS as well as numerous examples of these carbon allotrope-based OFS will also be outlined.

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“…The LMR-generating coating consisted of PEI-GO cross-linked films. GO and PEI were assembled on an interchangeable layer-by-layer basis, by depositing alternating layers of both materials with wash steps in between [26], [27], [28]. The GO powder used was purchased from Graphenea (Spain).…”

Section: Materials and Fabrication Of The Sensitive Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several authors have explored the potential of GO in different types of optical fiber sensors [19], [25]. However, very few works have investigated the ability of GO as sensitive coating in LMR sensors [26], [27], [28]. In these works, the LMR-based optical fiber sensing scheme consisted of a multimode optical fiber with a layer of SnO2 directly sputtered onto the core, which performed as LMR-generating coating, and a GO-based thin film deposited on top, acting as sensitive coating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lossy Mode Resonance Generation by Graphene Oxide Coatings Onto Cladding-Removed Multimode Optical Fiber

2019

Self Cite

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In this work, we have studied the suitability of graphene oxide -based thin films to be not only excellent sensitive coatings but also lossy mode resonance (LMR)-generating materials. Thin films of graphene oxide (GO) and polyethylenimine (PEI) fabricated by means of layer-by-layer assembly were selected in this study. Two optical fiber devices with 8 and 20 bilayers of the LMR-generating coating were fabricated and characterized as refractometers. Both devices show no hysteresis and high sensitivity, improving previously reported values. This research opens very promising and exciting possibilities in the field of optical fiber sensors based on LMR, strategically including specific recognition groups to the device surface to exploit this high sensitivity for monitoring a range of target analytes. The carboxylate functional groups at the edges of the GO sheets should provide excellent attachment sites for the required coupling chemistry to realize such devices.

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Graphene Oxide in Lossy Mode Resonance-Based Optical Fiber Sensors for Ethanol Detection

Cited by 37 publications

References 37 publications

Tuning of Fiber Optic Surface Reflectivity through Graphene Oxide-Based Layer-by-Layer Film Coatings

Tuning of Fiber Optic Surface Reflectivity through Graphene Oxide-Based Layer-by-Layer Film Coatings

Carbon Allotrope-Based Optical Fibers for Environmental and Biological Sensing: A Review

Lossy Mode Resonance Generation by Graphene Oxide Coatings Onto Cladding-Removed Multimode Optical Fiber

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