Ion
transport through nanochannels allows ultrafast permeation
and highly efficient separation, becoming promising for applications
in water purification, mineral separation, and biological sensing.
Spatial confinement down to the nanometer scale allows one to separate
ions by their size, which, however, fails for ions with similar diameters
of hydration. This selectivity can be boosted by enhancing the confinement
to be comparable with or even lower than the size of hydrated ions,
forcing the hydration shells to be distorted, even destroyed, or tuning
the ion–wall interaction. We perform molecular simulations
to explore ion transport processes across graphene nanochannels by
exploring the end effects where both nanoconfinement and chemical
functionalization are involved. We calculated the free-energy profiles
that include the hopping barriers for dehydration/rehydration and
adsorption/desorption of ions at the ends as well as the diffusivity
of ions inside the nanochannel. A composite-channel model is then
constructed for realistic membranes. The model and related parameters
reported here allow us to quantitatively analyze the performance of
nanochannel-embedded materials or devices, which conclude that, beyond
subnanometer confinement that may be technically challenging for large-scale
applications, edge engineering of the nanochannels by functional groups
can significantly enhance the hopping-specific selectivity even if
the diffusion-specific selectivity is gentle.