Graphene‐Paper‐Based Electrodes on Plastic and Textile Supports as New Platforms for Amperometric Biosensing

Abstract

The possibility of exfoliating graphite into graphene sheets allows the researchers to produce a material, termed "graphene paper" (G-paper), conductive as graphite but more flexible and processable. G-paper is already used for electronic applications, like conductors, antennas, and heaters, outperforming metal conductors thanks to its high flexibility, lightness, chemical stability, and compatibility with polymeric substrates. Here, the effectiveness in the use of G-paper for the realization of electrodes on flexible plastic substrates and textiles, and their applicability as amperometric sensors are demonstrated. The performance of these devices is compared with commercial platforms made of carbon-based inks, finding that they outperform commercial devices in sensing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a key molecule for enzymatic biosensing; the electrodes can achieve state-of-the-art sensitivity (107.2 μA mm −1 cm −2 ) and limit of detection (0.6 × 10 −6 m) with no need of additional functionalization. Thanks to this property, the stable deposition of a suitable enzyme, namely lactate dehydrogenase, on the electrode surface is used as a proof of concept of the applicability of this new platform for the realization of a biosensor. The possibility of having a single material suitable for antennas, electronics, and now sensing opens new opportunities for smart fabrics in wearable electronic applications.

Ultrathin Graphdiyne/Graphene Heterostructure as a Robust Electrochemical Sensing Platform

“…It retained above 97% of the response at 25 °C for NB, 4-NP, Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , AA, and UA; this is attributed to the high physical and chemical stability of the carbon material, that is, GDY and graphene. 44,45 Furthermore, the UV−vis spectra of hemin/GDY/G were compared (Figure S12). It was found that the modified electrode had the same molecular structure before and after continuous detection, indicating that hemin loaded on the GDY/G heterostructure had excellent stability.…”

An Electroactive and Self‐Assembling Bio‐Ink, based on Protein‐Stabilized Nanoclusters and Graphene, for the Manufacture of Fully Inkjet‐Printed Paper‐Based Analytical Devices

“…In conclusion, the manufactured IPEs behave as metal‐ or carbon‐based electrodes commonly used as sensor platforms so they can be therefore used as electrochemical platforms for analytical applications. [ 79 ]…”

“…In conclusion, the manufactured IPEs behave as metal-or carbonbased electrodes commonly used as sensor platforms so they can be therefore used as electrochemical platforms for analytical applications. [79] We calculated the electrochemical area of the IPE from the CV measurements of Fc-COOH at different scan rates, applying the Randles-Sevcik equation. For IPEs, the electroactive area is 1.2 times larger than the geometrical one, while for commercial carbon screen printed electrodes (C-SPE) this ratio is close to 0.7.…”

A Zero‐Energy, Zero‐Emission Air Conditioning Fabric

“…Fabrics are developed to cover a variety of application needs, including flexible conductors, [ 20,21 ] sweat wicking, [ 22 ] water collecting, [ 23,24 ] and water transportation [ 25,26 ] due to their easy‐availability, hydrophilicity, porosity, and breathability. Zhang et al.…”

“…Fabrics are developed to cover a variety of application needs, including flexible conductors, [20,21] sweat wicking, [22] water collecting, [23,24] and water transportation [25,26] due to their easyavailability, hydrophilicity, porosity, and breathability. Zhang et al developed an atmosphere water harvesting fabric by using cellulose fabric's multiscale cellulose network and adsorptioncondensation mechanism.…”