Graphene Properties, Synthesis and Applications: A Review

Abstract

We have evaluated some of the most recent breakthroughs in the synthesis and applications of graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials. This review includes three major categories. The first section consists of an overview of the structure and properties, including thermal, optical, and electrical transport. Recent developments in the synthesis techniques are elaborated in the second section. A number of top–down strategies for the synthesis of graphene, including exfoliation and chemical reduction of graphene oxide, are discussed. A few bottom–up synthesis methods for graphene are also covered, including thermal chemical vapor deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, thermal decomposition of silicon, unzipping of carbon nanotubes, and others. The final section provides the recent innovations in graphene applications and the commercial availability of graphene-based devices.

Current State and Perspectives of Exfoliated Zeolites

“…On the practical side, successful liquid exfoliation provides nanosheets in solution as reagents for unconstrained combinations with compositions of choice, as underscored by the studies on graphene and related systems. [68][69][70][71] It is reasonable to assume that in the majority of reported procedures of zeolite delamination the presence or role of layers being exfoliated into a liquid phase was minimal. There was also no effort to explicitly exploit, prove or invoke this crucial stage.…”

“…On the practical side, successful liquid exfoliation provides nanosheets in solution as reagents for unconstrained combinations with compositions of choice, as underscored by the studies on graphene and related systems. [ 68–71 ]…”

Theoretical investigation of width effects in the electronic and transport properties of carbon nanoribbons with 5-8-5 carbon rings: a first-principles study

“…5 Graphene is a 2D carbon allotrope with sp 2 hybridization, and presents interesting features, such as massless behaviour of its electrons, high thermal stability, and the quantum Hall effect. 6 However, despite all these outstanding features, due to its hexagonal symmetry and lack of a band-gap, the application of graphene in Li-ion batteries and nanoelectronics is difficult. [7][8][9][10] Several researchers have been searching for new 2D carbon allotropes with other ring symmetries, to break the hexagonal symmetry of graphene and uncover new properties.…”

Study on laser scribed graphene from cyanate-based composites and applications in in-situ curing monitoring and liquid sensing

“…Incredible mechanical, electrical, thermal and chemical properties make graphene widely used in various fields including supercapacitors, sensors and photocatalytic materials [1,2] . However, graphene-based smart devices are basically restricted due to complex precursor preparation routes, harsh temperature conditions, multiple chemical processes, extra subsequent treatments and low productivity of conventional graphene synthesis methods.…”