“…N 1s band had one peak located at 399.57 eV, which belonged to Pyridine N ( Figure 3 C) [ 30 ]. The O 1s band had two peaks at 531.08 and 531.91 eV, corresponding to C=O and O-C/O-H, respectively ( Figure 3 D) [ 31 , 32 ]. The total XPS spectra of AOCDs:Ca showed 284.57, 398.65, 532.85, and 346.78 Ca2p eV peaks, respectively, indicating that AOCDs:Ca was composed of C, O, N, and Ca elements, with atomic ratios of 49.09%, 33.23%, 17.07%, and 0.61%, respectively ( Figure 3 E).…”