Graphene Synthesis Techniques and Environmental Applications

Abstract

Graphene is fundamentally a two-dimensional material with extraordinary optical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical characteristics. It has a versatile surface chemistry and large surface area. It is a carbon nanomaterial, which comprises sp2 hybridized carbon atoms placed in a hexagonal lattice with one-atom thickness, giving it a two-dimensional structure. A large number of synthesis techniques including epitaxial growth, liquid phase exfoliation, electrochemical exfoliation, mechanical exfoliation, and chemical vapor deposition are used for the synthesis of graphene. Graphene prepared using different techniques can have a number of benefits and deficiencies depending on its application. This study provides a summary of graphene preparation techniques and critically assesses the use of graphene, its derivates, and composites in environmental applications. These applications include the use of graphene as membrane material for the detoxication and purification of water, active material for gas sensing, heavy metal ions detection, and CO2 conversion. Furthermore, a trend analysis of both synthesis techniques and environmental applications of graphene has been performed by extracting and analyzing Scopus data from the past ten years. Finally, conclusions and outlook are provided to address the residual challenges related to the synthesis of the material and its use for environmental applications.

Electrochemical inactivation of enteric viruses MS2, T4, and Phi6 using doped laser-induced graphene electrodes and filters

“…[18][19][20][21][22] Moreover, graphene, an allotrope of carbon with excellent mechanical and electrical properties, has been widely used for water disinfection; however, its synthesis entails several disadvantages of multi-step processes and the use of harmful chemicals. [23][24][25] This remarkably sparked widespread interest in a facile, single-step fabrication of laser-induced graphene (LIG). Using a low-cost CO 2 laser, LIG printed as layers has shown its potential as an antimicrobial surface and electrocatalyst for environmental applications.…”

Potential and applications of auxetic tubular: a review

“…Abbas et al [59] conducted an inquiry into the adjustable compressive characteristics of an innovative auxetic tubular material under low-stress conditions. Their approach encompassed the design of the auxetic tubular structure utilizing CAD methodologies.…”

Recent advances in energy storage with graphene oxide for supercapacitor technology

“…Moreover, the reduction processes required to convert GO into rGO are energy-efficient and can be conducted using environmentally benign approaches. [82][83][84][85][86][87] As research and development in this eld continue to progress, the integration of GO-based SCs is expected to revolutionize energy storage systems, contributing to a more sustainable and efficient future. However, there are several limits that need to be addressed to fully exploit its potential.…”

“…Bottom-up approaches offer more control over the size, shape, and properties of the synthesized graphene materials. 83,131 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a prominent bottom-up approach used for large-scale GO synthesis. 132,133 In CVD, a carbon-containing precursor gas, such as methane (CH 4 ), is introduced into a heated chamber, where it decomposes and forms GO layers on a substrate surface.…”