Graphic representation of pain

Scott, J. T.; Huskisson, E.C.

doi:10.1016/0304-3959(76)90113-5

Cited by 2,370 publications

(980 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…VAS were developed for use by human patients to rate pain (Scott and Huskisson, 1976), and consist of a horizontal line with a description of the extremes at either end of the scale. VAS have been adapted for lameness assessments so that an observer marks on the line the perceived condition of the animal between 'sound' and 'could not be more lame'.…”

Section: Subjective Methods Of Gait Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gait assessment in dairy cattle

Flower

Weary

2009

Animal

114

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Lameness is one of the most important dairy cow welfare issues and has inspired a growing body of literature on gait assessment. Validation studies have shown that several methods of gait assessment are able to successfully distinguish cows with and without painful pathologies. While subjective methods provide an immediate, on-site assessment and require no technical equipment, they show variation in observer reliability. On the other hand, objective methods of gait assessment provide accurate and reliable data, but typically require sophisticated technology, limiting their use on farms. In this critical review, we evaluate gait assessment methods, discuss the reliability and validity of measures used to date, and point to areas where new research is needed. We show how gait can be affected by hoof and leg pathologies, treatment of these ailments and the pain associated with lameness. We also discuss how cow (e.g. conformation, size and udder fill) and environmental features (e.g. flooring) contribute to variation in the way cows walk. An understanding of all these factors is important to avoid misclassifying of cows and confounding comparisons between herds.

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Section: Subjective Methods Of Gait Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gait assessment in dairy cattle

Flower

Weary

2009

Animal

114

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“…We (PVG, RJM) defined clinical union as painless full-weightbearing status or upper limb function for humeral nonunions. A visual analog scale (VAS) score [40] to assess related pain was administered by the treating surgeons (PVG, NKK, SJM) (scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is ''no pain'' and 10 the ''worst pain'') as well as a scale similar to the EuroQol-5D general health questionnaire scale [16]. This was focused on the subjective functional status of the affected limb and not on the general health of the individual as in the EuroQol-5D.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Synergistic Effect of Autograft and BMP-7 in the Treatment of Atrophic Nonunions

Giannoudis

Kanakaris

Dimitriou

et al. 2009

Clin Orthop Relat Res

118

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Combining autologous bone graft and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) to treat long-bone fracture aseptic atrophic nonunions theoretically could promote bone healing at higher rates than each of these grafting agents separately. We retrospectively reviewed prospectively collected data on patient general characteristics, clinical outcomes, and complications over 3 years to determine the healing rates and the incidence of complications and adverse events of this ''graft expansion rationale.'' There were 45 patients (32 male) with a median age of 43 years (range, 19-76 years). Minimum followup was 12 months (mean, 24.5 months; range, 12-65 months). There were seven humeral, 19 femoral, and 19 tibial nonunions. The median number of prior operations was two (range, 1-7). All fractures united. Clinical and radiographic union occurred within a median of 5 months (range, 3-14 months) and 6 months (range, 4-16 months), respectively. Thirty-nine (87%) patients returned to their preinjury occupation at a mean of 4.2 months (range, 3-6 months). The median visual analog scale pain score was 0.9 (range, 0-2.8; maximum 10), and the median functional score was 86 (range, 67-95; maximum 100) at the final followup. BMP-7 as a bone-stimulating agent combined with conventional autograft resulted in a nonunion healing rate of 100% in these 45 patients.

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“…Also, the severity Fig. 1 Proposed algorithm for treatment of patients with symptomatic spinal metastases from breast cancer of pain was assessed using a numerical pain rating scale (0-10), which is a modification of the visual analog scale (VAS) [10,42]. The type of pain medication used was classified from 1 to 5, as previously reported by the senior author (Table 1) [20].…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical treatment strategies and outcome in patients with breast cancer metastatic to the spine: a review of 87 patients

et al. 2007

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Aggressive surgical management of spinal metastatic disease can provide improvement of neurological function and significant pain relief. However, there is limited literature analyzing such management as is pertains to individual histopathology of the primary tumor, which may be linked to overall prognosis for the patient. In this study, clinical outcomes were reviewed for patients undergoing spinal surgery for metastatic breast cancer. Respective review was done to identify all patients with breast cancer over an eight-year period at a major cancer center and then to select those with symptomatic spinal metastatic disease who underwent spinal surgery. Pre-and postoperative pain levels (visual analog scale [VAS]), analgesic medication usage, and modifed Frankel grade scores were compared on all patients who underwent surgery. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess risks for complications. A total of 16,977 patients were diagnosed with breast cancer, and 479 patients (2.8%) were diagnosed with spinal metastases from breast cancer. Of these patients, 87 patients (18%) underwent 125 spinal surgeries. Of the 76 patients (87%) who were ambulatory preoperatively, the majority (98%) were still ambulatory.Of the 11 patients (13%) who were nonambulatory preoperatively, four patients were alive at 3 months postoperatively, three of which (75%) regained ambulation. The preoperative median VAS of six was significantly reduced to a median score of two at the time of discharge and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively (P < 0.001 for all time points). A total of 39% of patients experienced complications; 87% were early (within 30 days of surgery), and 13% were late. Early major surgical complications were significantly greater when five or more levels were instrumented. In patients with spinal metastases specifically from breast cancer, aggressive surgical management provides significant pain relief and preservation or improvement of neurological function with an acceptably low rate of complications.

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Graphic representation of pain

Cited by 2,370 publications

References 4 publications

Gait assessment in dairy cattle

Gait assessment in dairy cattle

The Synergistic Effect of Autograft and BMP-7 in the Treatment of Atrophic Nonunions

Surgical treatment strategies and outcome in patients with breast cancer metastatic to the spine: a review of 87 patients

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