Graphite Formation from Low Temperature Pyrolysis of Methane over some Transition Metal Surfaces

Robertson, S.D.

doi:10.1038/2211044a0

Cited by 73 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The presence of poly aromatic ring structures can develop during the initial phases of carbonization [53,54]. However, total graphitization typically can only be completed under extreme temperatures (>1100 o C) and pressures [55] . Lower temperatures and pressures would require excessively long thermal treatment times to achieve graphitization (>10,000 years [26]).…”

Section: Chemical Composition Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios

Spokas¹

2010

Carbon Management

975

506

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Biochar is not a structured homogeneous material; rather it possesses a range of chemical structures and a heterogeneous elemental composition. This variability is based on the conditions of pyrolysis and the biomass parent material, with biochar spanning the range of various forms of black carbon. Thereby, this variability induces a broad spectrum in the observed rates of reactivity and, correspondingly, the overall chemical and microbial stability. From evaluating the current biochar and black carbon degradation studies, there is the suggestion of an overall relationship in biochar stability as a function of the molar ratio of oxygen to carbon (O:C) in the resulting black carbon. In general, a molar ratio of O:C lower than 0.2 appears to provide, at minimum, a 1000-year biochar half-life. The O:C ratio is a function of production temperature, but also accounts for other impacts (e.g., parent material and post-production conditioning/oxidation) that are not captured solely with production temperature. Therefore, the O:C ratio could provide a more robust indicator of biochar stability than production parameters (e.g., pyrolysis temperature and biomass type) or volatile matter determinations.

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Section: Chemical Composition Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios

Spokas¹

2010

Carbon Management

975

506

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“…Carbon nanomaterials are a particularly fascinating subclass of nanomaterials, since different conformation or morphology of nanocarbons may show extremely different or even opposite properties from each other. Carbon nanomaterials mainly include fullerenes,1 carbon nanotubes (CNTs),2, 3 carbon nanofibers (CNFs),4 carbon nanocones5 or horns,6 carbon spheres,7 and nanodiamonds 8. Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials is a powerful strategy to improve their solubility or wettability, realize their potential in a wide range of application, and prepare novel materials with tailor‐made structures and properties 9, 10.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)‐functionalized carbon nanofibers by surface‐initiated ring‐opening polymerization

Wang

Gao

2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were covalently functionalized with biodegradable poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) by in situ ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of e-caprolactone in the presence of stannous octoate. Surface oxidation treatment of the pristine CNFs afforded carboxylic CNFs (CNF-COOH). Reaction of CNF-COOH with excess thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 ) and glycol produced hydroxyl-functionalized CNFs (CNF-OH). Using CNF-OH as macroinitiator, PCL was covalently grafted from the surfaces of CNFs by ROP, in either the presence or absence of sacrificial initiator, butanol. The grafted PCL content was achieved as high as 64.2 wt %, and can be controlled to some extent by adjusting the feed ratio of monomer to CNF-OH. The resulting products were characterized by FTIR, NMR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, and XRD. Core-shell nanostructures were observed under HRTEM for the PCL-functionalized CNFs because of the thorough grafting. The PCLgrafted CNFs showed different melting and crystallization behaviors from the mechanical mixture of PCL and CNF-OH. This approach to PCL-functionalized CNFs opens an avenue for the synthesis, modification, and application of CNFbased nanomaterials and biomaterials.

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“…The history of CNFs can be traced back to a patent published in 1889, in which hydrocarbon gases produced carbon filaments on the surface of a metal crucible which inadvertently became the catalyst of the reaction . Robertson discovered and confirmed that the reaction of methane with metal surfaces produced CNFs at relatively low temperatures at the first time …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Carbon nanofibers/polypyrrole nano metacomposites

Kou

Yao

Qiu

2017

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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Carbon nanofibers (CNFs)/polypyrrole (PPy) nano metacomposites are prepared by in situ polymerization in this article. The negative permittivity and negative permeability of CNFs/PPy nano metacomposites are achieved simultaneously. CNFs/PPy composites form different morphologies with the increase in CNFs content. Complex conductive networks formed by overlapped CNFs are present in CNFs/PPy composites with 30 and 50 wt % CNFs. The negative permittivity of the CNFs/PPy composites is attributed to the plasma oscillation of delocalized electrons, and the negative permeability results from a large number of conductive loops. The appearance of negative permeability is accompanied by the decrease in resistivity, which reflects that a large number of conductive loops are derived from complex conductive networks. Double negative property appears in the frequency range 845–1000 MHz in CNFs/PPy composites with 30 wt % CNFs content and 825–1000 MHz in CNFs/PPy composites with 50 wt % CNFs content. CNFs/PPy composites present double negative property in a wider frequency range compared with MWCNTs/PPy nanocomposites. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1724–1729

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Graphite Formation from Low Temperature Pyrolysis of Methane over some Transition Metal Surfaces

Cited by 73 publications

References 7 publications

Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios

Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios

Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)‐functionalized carbon nanofibers by surface‐initiated ring‐opening polymerization

Carbon nanofibers/polypyrrole nano metacomposites

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