Graphite Modified Polylactide (PLA) for 3D Printed (FDM/FFF) Sliding Elements

Przekop, Robert E.; Kujawa, Maciej; Pawlak, W.; Dobrosielska, Marta; Sztorch, Bogna; Wieleba, Wojciech

doi:10.3390/polym12061250

Cited by 62 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The MFR values of graphite/PLA composites are about half lower than the neat PLA. Many authors attribute the decrease in MFR to increased flow resistance associated with the use of solid filler [ 32 , 33 ]. As reported by Wang et al [ 34 ], collisions and friction between the filler particles limit the mobility of the molecular chains.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Graphite Fillers on the Thermal Processing of Graphite/Poly(lactic acid) Composites

et al. 2021

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To assess the impact of graphite fillers on the thermal processing of graphite/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites, a series of the composite samples with different graphite of industrial grade as fillers was prepared by melt mixing. The average size of the graphite grains ranged between 100 µm and 6 µm. For comparative purposes, one of the carbon fillers was expandable graphite. Composites were examined by SEM, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. As revealed by thermogravimetric (TG) analyses, graphite filler slightly lowered the temperature of thermal decomposition of the PLA matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests showed that the room temperature crystallinity of the polymer matrix is strongly affected by the graphite filler. The crystallinity of the composites determined from the second heating cycle reached values close to 50%, while these values are close to zero for the neat polymer. The addition of graphite to PLA caused a slight reduction in the oxidation induction time (OIT). The melt flow rate (MFR) of the graphite/PLA composites was lower than the original PLA due to an increase in flow resistance associated with the high crystallinity of the polymer matrix. Expandable graphite did not cause changes in the structure of the polymer matrix during thermal treatment. The crystallinity of the composite with this filler did not increase after first heating and was close to the neat PLA MFR value, which was extremely high due to the low crystallinity of the PLA matrix and delamination of the filler at elevated temperature.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Graphite Fillers on the Thermal Processing of Graphite/Poly(lactic acid) Composites

et al. 2021

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“…The extreme sensitivity of PLA to environmental stress also contribute to its brittleness 51 . As a result, PLA properties (such as vapor/gas barrier, impact resistance, and melt viscosity) are often insufficient in comparison to the conventional petropolymers, that limits its functional applications 14,38,52 …”

Section: Preparation and Properties Of Poly(lactic Acid)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of rigid nanoparticles and preparation techniques on the performances of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites: A review

Sanusi

Benelfellah

Bikiaris

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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The global concern over the environmental protection and bio‐sustainability of plastic waste materials has prompted a vibrant search for renewable and biodegradable polymers in the academia and industrial sectors. Amidst other biopolymers, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is identified as the most promising thermoplastic aliphatic polyester. PLA is derived from agricultural products with unique physical and mechanical properties that are comparable with the conventional petroleum‐derived polymers. Yet, some of the properties are insufficient for advanced materials applications. Rigid nanoparticles are incorporated in the PLA matrix to alleviate its properties for specific high‐performance applications. Here, we report various approaches of preparing functional PLA nanocomposites with emphasis on the strengths and weaknesses of each of the methods, as well as the achieved properties enhancement for a targeted application. Designing high‐performance PLA nanocomposite involves careful selection of the most appropriate nanofillers or combinations of nanofillers, preparation technique and processing parameters. Besides multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) and montmorillonite (MMT) that are prominent as nucleating agents to achieve high thermal and mechanical properties, other nanofillers like silver nanoparticles (AgNP) play critical roles in improving antibacterial and high‐performance properties of PLA.

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“…Maybe the graphite particles incorporated into the PLA fracture before the sample breaks or have very little adhesion to the matrix and are pulled out of the matrix [33] . Likewise, the elongation at break decreased whereas the modulus increased as EG content increased.…”

Section: Tensile Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of poly(lactic acid) filament with expandable graphite for additive manufacturing using fused filament fabrication (FFF): effect on thermal and mechanical properties

et al. 2021

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Fused Filament Fabrication, better known as Fused Deposition Modeling®, is currently the most widespread 3D Printing Technology. There has been a significant demand for developing flame-retardant filaments. Thereby enabling them, for example, in electronics and automotive applications. In this study, commercial PLA filament was modified by the addition of 1, 3 and 5% (%wt.) of expandable graphite. The composites were reprocessed, via extrusion, into filaments for Fused Filament Fabrication. Thermal properties of the filament composites were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Mechanical properties of thermo-pressed specimens indicated that no strong adhesion was promoted between the filler and matrix. This is a challenge with expandable graphite reported by many authors. All composites with expandable graphite achieved the V-2 rating of UL-94 flammability test. In spite of this, the results indicated that flammability of the PLA was reduced. All composite filaments were printable and prototypes were successfully 3D printed.

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Graphite Modified Polylactide (PLA) for 3D Printed (FDM/FFF) Sliding Elements

Cited by 62 publications

References 48 publications

Impact of the Graphite Fillers on the Thermal Processing of Graphite/Poly(lactic acid) Composites

Impact of the Graphite Fillers on the Thermal Processing of Graphite/Poly(lactic acid) Composites

Effect of rigid nanoparticles and preparation techniques on the performances of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites: A review

Modification of poly(lactic acid) filament with expandable graphite for additive manufacturing using fused filament fabrication (FFF): effect on thermal and mechanical properties

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