Graphite oxide as a precursor for the synthesis of disordered graphenes using the aerosol-through-plasma method

Lambert, Timothy N.; Luhrs, Claudia; Chavez, Carlos A.; Wakeland, Stephen; Brumbach, Michael T.; Alam, Todd M.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.07.015

Cited by 61 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Furthermore, current advancements demonstrate that self-standing graphene sheets can also be produced using plasmas at atmospheric pressure conditions. Microwave plasma processing via the so-called aerosol-through-plasma (A-T-P) technique has been used to produce a multitude of nanostructures, including graphene, that are of interest in many fields [9,[19][20][21][22][23]. In this technique, precursors, which can be solids, liquids or gases, are carried through hot microwave plasma where they decompose and species created are carried in the cold outlet plasma gas streams where nucleation and growth processes take place.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the plasma-based growth of ‘flowing’ graphene sheets at atmospheric pressure conditions

Цыганов

Bundaleska

Tatarova

et al. 2015

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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A theoretical and experimental study on atmospheric pressure microwave plasma-based assembly of free standing graphene sheets is presented. The synthesis method is based on introducing a carbon-containing precursor (C 2 H 5 OH) through a microwave (2.45 GHz) argon plasma environment, where decomposition of ethanol molecules takes place and carbon atoms and molecules are created and then converted into solid carbon nuclei in the 'colder' nucleation zones. A theoretical model previously developed has been further updated and refined to map the particle and thermal fluxes in the plasma reactor. Considering the nucleation process as a delicate interplay between thermodynamic and kinetic factors, the model is based on a set of non-linear differential equations describing plasma thermodynamics and chemical kinetics. The model predictions were validated by experimental results. Optical emission spectroscopy was applied to detect the plasma emission related to carbon species from the 'hot' plasma zone. Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques have been applied to analyze the synthesized nanostructures. The microstructural features of the solid carbon nuclei collected from the colder zones of plasma reactor vary according to their location. A part of the solid carbon was deposited on the discharge tube wall. The solid assembled from the main stream, which was gradually withdrawn from the hot plasma region in the outlet plasma stream directed to a filter, was composed by 'flowing' graphene sheets. The influence of additional hydrogen, Ar flow rate and microwave power on the concentration of obtained stable species and carbon−dicarbon was evaluated. The ratio of sp 3 /sp 2 carbons in graphene sheets is presented. A correlation between changes in C 2 and C number densities and sp 3 /sp 2 ratio was found.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the plasma-based growth of ‘flowing’ graphene sheets at atmospheric pressure conditions

Цыганов

Bundaleska

Tatarova

et al. 2015

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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“…The synthesis and growth of these structures proceed via surface reactions and depend, therefore, on substrate conditions. Recent developments suggest that microwave plasma processing through the so-called aerosol-through-plasma (A-T-P) method [15][16][17][18][19][20] can be used to produce structures of interest in many fields, including catalysis, high energy density batteries and other forms of energy storage. In this technique, precursors, which can be particles, liquids, or even gases, are carried through a high temperature microwave plasma zone generally at, or near, atmospheric pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this technique, precursors, which can be particles, liquids, or even gases, are carried through a high temperature microwave plasma zone generally at, or near, atmospheric pressure. This method has also been applied to synthesize substrate-free graphene sheets [4,[18][19][20]. As shown in our previous work [21], tuning of the plasma properties and, in particular, of its afterglow conditions is of considerable importance to establish a control on the processes of nucleation and growth of the nanostructures and on the morphology of the targeted structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave plasmas applied for the synthesis of free standing graphene sheets

Tatarova¹,

Dias²,

Henriques³

et al. 2014

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Self-standing graphene sheets were synthesized using microwave plasmas driven by surface waves at 2.45 GHz stimulating frequency and atmospheric pressure. The method is based on injecting ethanol molecules through a microwave argon plasma environment, where decomposition of ethanol molecules takes place. The evolution of the ethanol decomposition was studied in situ by plasma emission spectroscopy. Free gas-phase carbon atoms created in the plasma diffuse into colder zones, both in radial and axial directions, and aggregate into solid carbon nuclei. The main part of the solid carbon is gradually withdrawn from the hot region of the plasma in the outlet plasma stream where nanostructures assemble and grow. Externally forced heating in the assembly zone of the plasma reactor has been applied to engineer the structural qualities of the assembled nanostructures. The synthesized graphene sheets have been analysed by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence of sp 3 carbons is reduced by increasing the gas temperature in the assembly zone of the plasma reactor. As a general trend, the number of mono-layers decreases when the wall temperature increases from 60 to 100 • C. The synthesized graphene sheets are stable and highly ordered.

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“…The sharp peak at 284.6 eV originates from the sp2 carbon network in the CNTs (C=C; Hong et al 2011). There are two additional peaks at 286.2 and 288.0 eV, which are attributed to the C-O-C and O=C-group arising from epoxide, ether and carboxyl groups in the CNTs, respectively (Lambert et al 2010). The peak intensity of the sp2-hybridized C bonding is higher than the carbon containing oxygen bonding, demonstrating the high degree of graphitization of the prepared CNTM.…”

Section: Characterization Of Cntmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant Removal of Harmful Compounds in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Using Carbon Nanotubes Mixture Prepared by Catalytic Pyrolysis

Zhou

Min

Zhang

et al. 2014

Adsorption Science & Technology

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Carbon nanotubes mixture (CNTM), synthesized by the pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP)/organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites catalyzed by Ni2O3, was used as a filter additive to remove harmful compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke. CNTM is mainly composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with a little amount of amorphous carbon, Ni element and the thermal degradation residue of OMMT. The textural structure of CNTM has mesoporous and macroporous nanostructures. After introducing 15 mg of CNTM into cigarette filter, some of the most important harmful compounds including tar, nicotine, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and phenolic compounds were more efficiently adsorbed in comparison with using commercial activated carbon, which can be related to the relatively bigger pore volume and a geometric confinement of CNT in CNTM for some toxic compounds in cigarette smoke. In particular, CNTs have a strong chemisorption capacity for B[a]P or phenolic compounds due to the p-p interactions between benzene rings.

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Graphite oxide as a precursor for the synthesis of disordered graphenes using the aerosol-through-plasma method

Cited by 61 publications

References 50 publications

On the plasma-based growth of ‘flowing’ graphene sheets at atmospheric pressure conditions

On the plasma-based growth of ‘flowing’ graphene sheets at atmospheric pressure conditions

Microwave plasmas applied for the synthesis of free standing graphene sheets

Significant Removal of Harmful Compounds in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Using Carbon Nanotubes Mixture Prepared by Catalytic Pyrolysis

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