Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>)-based photocatalysts for solar hydrogen generation: recent advances and future development directions

Naseri, Amene; Samadi, Morasae; Pourjavadi, Ali; Ramakrishna, Seeram

doi:10.1039/c7ta05131j

Cited by 517 publications

(232 citation statements)

References 239 publications

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has become a star in water splitting [3][4][5][6][7] and CO 2 reduction. [8][9][10] Although many studies have been widely carried out, its CO 2 reduction performance is still far from the actual application requirements and the product is mainly CO (2-electron reduction product), [11,12] due to the high recombination rate of charge carriers and low reaction dynamics.

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confidence: 99%

Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Dopant Induced Charge Localization for Enhanced Photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄

et al. 2019

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The photoreduction of CO2 to hydrocarbon products has attracted much attention because it provides an avenue to directly synthesize value‐added carbon‐based fuels and feedstocks using solar energy. Among various photocatalysts, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has emerged as an attractive metal‐free visible‐light photocatalyst due to its advantages of earth‐abundance, nontoxicity, and stability. Unfortunately, its photocatalytic efficiency is seriously limited by charge carriers′ ready recombination and their low reaction dynamics. Modifying the local electronic structure of g‐C3N4 is predicted to be an efficient way to improve the charge transfer and reaction efficiency. Here, boron (B) is doped into the large cavity between adjacent tri‐s‐triazine units via coordination with two‐coordinated N atoms. Theoretical calculations prove that the new electron excitation from N (2px, 2py) to B (2px, 2py) with the same orbital direction in B‐doped g‐C3N4 is much easier than N (2px, 2py) to C 2pz in pure g‐C3N4, and improves the charge transfer and localization, and thus the reaction dynamics. Moreover, B atoms doping changes the adsorption of CO (intermediate), and can act as active sites for CH4 production. As a result, the optimal sample of 1%B/g‐C3N4 exhibits better selectivity for CH4 with ≈32 times higher yield than that of pure g‐C3N4.

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confidence: 99%

Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Dopant Induced Charge Localization for Enhanced Photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄

et al. 2019

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“…It is observed that the LUMO energy levels of all the M 2+ ions coordinated MOFs are increasing toward more negative side than the pristine Ti‐MOF and the reduction potential of H 2 as well. The more negative shift in the LUMO energy levels favors the enhanced solar light driven photocatalytic H 2 production . Figure b displays the possible mechanism for solar light driven photocatalytic H 2 production activity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amine Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework Coordinated with Transition Metal Ions: d–d Transition Enhanced Optical Absorption and Role of Transition Metal Sites on Solar Light Driven H₂ Production

Karthik

Neppolian

Vinu

et al. 2019

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Design and development of efficient photocatalysts for H2 production from water and sunlight have gained significant attention as the solar assisted approach is considered to be a promising approach for the generation of clean fuel. However, the poor charge carrier separation and light harvesting ability of existing photocatalysts limits the efficiency of photoconversion of water. In this work, the synthesis of transition metal ions (M2+ = Co2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+) coordinated with Ti‐metal organic frameworks (Ti‐MOFs) through a simple post‐synthetic coordination method for efficient solar light‐driven H2 production is reported. Notably, coordination of M2+ ions with Ti‐MOF significantly improves the optical absorption by d–d transitions and the multimetal sites facilitate the fast charge carrier separation, thereby enhancing the solar light‐driven H2 production activity. Very interestingly, the rate of solar light‐driven H2 production is varied with respect to different metal ions coordination due to the position of d–d bands absorption in the solar spectrum, and the complexing tendency of M2+ ions with sacrificial electron donors. A maximum solar H2 production rate of 1583.55 µmol h−1 g−1 is achieved with a Cu2+ coordinated Ti‐MOF, which is ≈13 fold higher than that of the pristine Ti‐MOF.

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“…Although g‐C 3 N 4 is well known visible light photocatalyst, in the case of MoS 2 ‐Nap:CB[8]:g‐C 3 N 4 ‐VN, the rate of H 2 evolution was not that high as g‐C 3 N 4 does not act as very efficient electron transport channel in comparison to graphene . Furthermore, for MoS 2 ‐Nap:CB[8]:Graphene‐VN, graphene acts more like an electron channel rather than H 2 evolution site which attributes to its higher activity as compared to the g‐C 3 N 4 ‐VN containing heterostructure …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supramolecularly Bonded Layered Heterostructures Exhibiting HER Activity

Kaur

Singh

Gupta

et al. 2019

Chemistry An Asian Journal

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van der Waals heterostructures formed by 2D materials have attracted much attention in the last few years. Recently, 2D nanosheets linked by covalent bonds have been found to exhibit novel properties. In the present study we have investigated supramolecular layered heterostructures formed by nanosheets of MoS2 with BC7N, g‐C3N4 and graphene. These materials have been synthesized via a non‐covalent host–guest synthetic design using cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) hosts. In addition to offering reversible disassembly, these heterostructures show good visible‐light‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity as well as reasonable gas adsorption and other properties.

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)-based photocatalysts for solar hydrogen generation: recent advances and future development directions

Abstract: Analyzing the commercialization potential of g-C3N4photocatalysts for solar H2generation from an economic viewpoint and for large-scale production.

Cited by 517 publications

References 239 publications

Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Dopant Induced Charge Localization for Enhanced Photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄

Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Dopant Induced Charge Localization for Enhanced Photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄

Amine Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework Coordinated with Transition Metal Ions: d–d Transition Enhanced Optical Absorption and Role of Transition Metal Sites on Solar Light Driven H₂ Production

Supramolecularly Bonded Layered Heterostructures Exhibiting HER Activity

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts for solar hydrogen generation: recent advances and future development directions

Abstract: Analyzing the commercialization potential of g-C3N4photocatalysts for solar H2generation from an economic viewpoint and for large-scale production.

Cited by 517 publications

References 239 publications

Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Dopant Induced Charge Localization for Enhanced Photoreduction of CO2 to CH4

Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Dopant Induced Charge Localization for Enhanced Photoreduction of CO2 to CH4

Amine Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework Coordinated with Transition Metal Ions: d–d Transition Enhanced Optical Absorption and Role of Transition Metal Sites on Solar Light Driven H2 Production

Supramolecularly Bonded Layered Heterostructures Exhibiting HER Activity

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)-based photocatalysts for solar hydrogen generation: recent advances and future development directions

Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Dopant Induced Charge Localization for Enhanced Photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄

Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Dopant Induced Charge Localization for Enhanced Photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄

Amine Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework Coordinated with Transition Metal Ions: d–d Transition Enhanced Optical Absorption and Role of Transition Metal Sites on Solar Light Driven H₂ Production