Graphitized Carbon Nanofibers: new additive for the Negative Active Material of Lead Acid Batteries

Enhanced Performance of E-Bike Motive Power Lead–Acid Batteries with Graphene as an Additive to the Active Mass

“…25 A graphene material with a large SSA improves the electrochemical active area of NAM, which is beneficial to the dissolution of PbSO 4 and the reduction of Pb 2+ and the improvement of charge acceptance of batteries. 23,35 The RGO has the smallest SSA; however, the charge acceptance of RGO batteries was only slightly lower than that of G3 batteries. This is probably because the RGO films have a unique flexible porous structure and the sheets are thin and complete, which facilitates the transport of hydrogen sulfate ions and electrolyte, promotes the even distribution of PbSO 4 particles, and improves the utilization rate of active mass.…”

“…Carbon materials are able to effectively prolong the cycle life of batteries by restraining the sulfation of the negative plates, but their effects are different depending on their types and specific surface area (SSA). 23 Moseley 24 concluded that carbon materials with a high SSA (1400 m 2 g –1 ) are more favorable for extending battery cycle life of batteries than carbon materials with a lower SSA (less than 100 m 2 g –1 ).…”

“…In order to solve the problem of cycle life of VRLA batteries, many researchers have studied and found that adding a certain amount of carbon materials (activated carbon, ,, carbon black, ,,, graphite, ,− or carbon nanotubes − ) to the negative active material (NAM) of the batteries can boost the utilization of active substances, charge acceptance, high-current discharge performance, cycle performance, and low-temperature performance. Carbon materials are able to effectively prolong the cycle life of batteries by restraining the sulfation of the negative plates, but their effects are different depending on their types and specific surface area (SSA) . Moseley concluded that carbon materials with a high SSA (1400 m 2 g –1 ) are more favorable for extending battery cycle life of batteries than carbon materials with a lower SSA (less than 100 m 2 g –1 ).…”

Enhancing the Performance of Motive Power Lead-Acid Batteries by High Surface Area Carbon Black Additives

“…These results clearly show the strong effect of the SSA of the carbon additive. The CB3 additive has a large SSA and the particles are interconnected to form a three-dimensional (3D) network structure, which provides a larger active SSA for the crystallization and dissolution of lead sulfate particles, thus improving the charge acceptance of the batteries [32,33].…”

Increasing the oxygen-containing functional groups of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes to improve high-rate-partial-state-of-charge performance

“…31,32 Carbon nanotubes are considered to be most promising new carbon materials for improving the cycle life of HRPSoC due to excellent physical and chemical properties such as it’s ordered structure, high conductivity, and chemical stability. 33,34 However, the addition of untreated carbon materials can not meet the requirements of HRPSoC cycle life, so that carbon materials were modified with different functional groups. 35 Cai 36 et al , added graphene oxide (GO) with different oxygen-containing groups to the negative plate.…”