Gravitational waves from the first order electroweak phase transition in the Z₃ symmetric singlet scalar model

Abstract

Abstract. Among various scenarios of baryon asymmetry of the Universe, electroweak baryogenesis is directly connected with physics of the Higgs sector. We discuss spectra of gravitational waves which are originated by the strongly first order phase transition at the electroweak symmetry breaking, which is required for a successful scenario of electroweak baryogenesis. In the Z 3 symmetric singlet scalar model, the significant gravitational waves are caused by the multi-step phase transition. We show that the model can be tested by measuring the characteristic spectra of the gravitational waves at future interferometers such as LISA and DECIGO.

Review of cosmic phase transitions: their significance and experimental signatures

“…Such a model was considered in Ref. [232] in the context of gravitational waves. Finally, there is the case where one has a a symmetry at zero temperature is broken at an intermediate temperature (and then possibly restored at high temperature).…”

“…One can also break two different symmetries in subsequent transitions such as the case where the standard model is extended by a singlet field with a discrete Z 2 symmetry where V(φ) = V(−φ). Such a model was considered in [229] in the context of gravitational waves. Finally, there is the case where one has a a symmetry at zero temperature is broken at an intermediate temperature (and then possibly restored at high temperature).…”

“…A phase transition with a peak frequency visible by LIGO/VIRGO can be motivated by vacuum stability [363], split supersymmetry [364], a Pati-Salam transition [365] or neutrino masses [366,367]. Lisa probes both the electroweak phase transition [229,280,337,[368][369][370][371][372][373][374][375][376][377][378][379][380][381][382][383][384], dark phase transitions [360,[385][386][387][388][389][390][391] other low scale symmetry breaking [392][393][394][395], multistep transitions [229] and multistep phase transitions [228,229] whereas pulsar timing arrays can probe supercooled electroweak phase transitions and the QCD phase transition [300,396,397]. To probe the scale in between Lisa and LIGO/VIRGO, several other experiments have been proposed including Magis [398], BBO…”

Model discrimination in gravitational wave spectra from dark phase transitions

“…Most work thus far has considered the electroweak phase transition (EWPT), since a strongly first order electroweak phase transition can catalyze electroweak baryogenesis [7][8][9][10] providing an explanation for matter anti-matter asymmetry observed today [8,9,[11][12][13][14][15][16]. The phenomenology of EWPTs have been studied abundantly [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and the GW production has recently been advanced theoretically [28] and through lattice simulations [29,30]. From these results, it has become clear that the successfulness of electroweak baryogenesis and the observability of the GWs from the EWPT are somewhat in tension.…”

Exotic gravitational wave signatures from simultaneous phase transitions

“…The electroweak phase transition in particular is of interest since a strongly first order electroweak phase transition can catalyze electroweak baryogenesis [9][10][11][12] providing an explanation for matter anti-matter asymmetry observed today [10,11,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. The phenomenology of such PTs have been studied abundantly [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and the GW production has recently been advanced theoretically [29] and through lattice simulations [30,31].…”