Gravitational Waves in a Universe with Time-Varying Curvature

Botke, J. C.

doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2021.72036

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Unlike the case with the standard model of cosmology, according to our new model of cosmology [1] [2] [3], there was no existence other than the vacuum until a time of about 4 × 10 −5 s. At that point, a small percentage of the vacuum energy was converted into neutron-antineutron pairs with a very small excess of neutrons. This process, which was regulated by an imprint established in the vacuum at the time of the initial Planck era inflation, created higher densities of matter in the regions that became cosmic structures and lower densities in the regions that became voids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

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The Origin of Cosmic Structures Part 6: CMB Anisotropy

Botke

2024

JHEPGC

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In a recent series of papers, we introduced a new model of nucleosynthesis in which the matter content of the universe came into existence at a time of about 4 × 10 −5 s. At that time, a small percentage of the vacuum energy was converted into neutron/antineutron pairs with a very small excess of neutrons. This process was regulated by an imprint that was established in the vacuum during an initial Plank-era inflation. Immediately after their inception, annihilation and charge exchange reactions proceeded at a very high rate and ran to completion after an interval of about 10 −11 s. By then, all the antibaryons had disappeared thereby establishing the matter/antimatter asymmetry of the universe. What remained were very high densities of mesons and leptons, somewhat lower densities of protons and neutrons, and finally, the very high density of photons that eventually became the CMB. The density of matter so created varied from one location to another in such a manner as to account for all cosmic structures and because the energy density of the photons varied in proportion to that of the matter, the CMB-to-be came into existence with an anisotropic spectrum already in place. For structures, the size of galaxy clusters, the initial anisotropy magnitudes were on the order of 25%. In this paper, we will follow the subsequent evolution of the photons and show that this model predicts with accuracy the temperature of the warmest anisotropies in the observed CMB spectrum.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…The vertical distance from the horizontal axis to any curve is the distance from the center of the structure. The radii are equally spaced although they don't appear to be so because of the logarithmic scale 1 .…”

Section: Preliminariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin of Cosmic Structures Part 6: CMB Anisotropy

Botke

2024

JHEPGC

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“…In this paper, we will show that the phenomena commonly attributed to dark matter and dark energy are instead consequences of the spacetime vacuum and its curvature. Our conclusions follow from our new model of cosmology which is based on the idea that the curvature of the vacuum varies with time and that the energy density and curvature are opposite sides of the same coin [1] [2]. The three phenomena that we will be discussing include the accelerating expansion of the universe, the constant velocity profiles of spiral galaxies, and strong gravitational lensing of galaxy clusters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…To understand these issues, it is necessary to have some idea of the structure of this new model so we will present a synopsis. A more detailed summary is given in [1] for those interested. According to this model, the universe came into existence with a Planck-era inflation during which there was no existence other than the vacuum, and time and distance were uncertain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Occam’s Razor

Botke

2023

JMP

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Even though dark matter and dark energy have long been accepted as being of fundamental importance in cosmology, in this paper, we will present arguments to show that neither is necessary. Instead, the phenomena they are thought to be responsible for are consequences of a vacuum whose curvature varies with time. We will focus on three phenomena that are thought to require the existence of dark energy and dark matter. The first is the idea that dark energy is responsible for the observed accelerating expansion of the universe. We will show instead that with time-varying curvature, Einstein's equations demand such an acceleration without reference to dark or any other form of energy. Turning to dark matter, it is supposedly required to explain the observed constant velocity profile of the stars making up the disks of spiral galaxies and to explain the strong gravitational lensing observed in galaxy clusters. We will show, however, that both phenomena can again be understood in terms of the vacuum and its curvature. In the former case, we will show that galaxies exist within a rotating volume of the vacuum and that this leads directly to the observed constant velocity profiles. In the latter case, gradients of the vacuum curvature serving as a varying index of refraction are responsible. Using numerical results from our new model of nucleosynthesis, we estimate the degree of bending to expect and find that the results are in accord with observation. Our new model very naturally explains the phenomena attributed to dark matter and dark energy and since neither has been observed after several decades of looking, Occam's razor tells us that neither exists.

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“…In our new model [5] [6], the curvature varies with time so spacetime is definitely not flat, and at early times, it was quite large, e.g. at…”

Section: Galaxy 2-point Correlations-the Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Reality of Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations

Botke

2024

JMP

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The initial idea for baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) came about during early efforts to understand the origin of galaxies by studying perturbed versions of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) model. In more recent times, the emphasis has shifted to the idea that 2-point galaxy correlations embedded in the distribution of matter by the BAO could be used as a standard ruler to fix the parameters of cosmological models. In this paper, we first consider the actual business of extracting the correlation length from large data sets of measured galaxy locations. To facilitate this process, we introduce a much-improved method for extracting the correlation peak from the data set. Fundamental to this process in any model is the use of a fiducial cosmological model to transition from redshift space to comoving coordinate space where the correlations actually exist. The belief is that the correlation length so determined can then be reverted to redshift space to fix the parameters of cosmological models. We show, however, that this process is circular and hence of no value whatsoever for fixing model parameters. All one obtains are the parameters of the model used to transition to comoving space in the first place. Finally, we present simple arguments that show that the idea of BAO being responsible for the structure of the universe, i.e. the cosmic web, is unworkable.

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Gravitational Waves in a Universe with Time-Varying Curvature

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

The Origin of Cosmic Structures Part 6: CMB Anisotropy

The Origin of Cosmic Structures Part 6: CMB Anisotropy

Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Occam’s Razor

The Reality of Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations

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