Gravity sensing in tip-growing cells

Sievers, Andreas; Buchen, Brigitte; Hodick, D.

doi:10.1016/1360-1385(96)10028-5

Cited by 85 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Finally, the possibility that the cytoskeleton functions in either gravity perception or response (for review, see Baluska and Hasenstein, 1997) suggests that cold might prevent gravitropic response by altering the cytoskeleton. A role for the cytoskeleton in translating the physical force of gravity into altered growth has also been explored (for review, see Sievers et al, 1996;Baluska and Hasenstein, 1997;Muday, 2001). Several groups have observed changes in the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton in gravity-stimulated maize roots or coleoptiles (Nick et al, 1990;Blancaflor and Hasenstein, 1993;Himmelspach et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutations in the Gravity Persistence Signal Loci in Arabidopsis Disrupt the Perception and/or Signal Transduction of Gravitropic Stimuli

et al. 2002

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Gravity plays a fundamental role in plant growth and development, yet little is understood about the early events of gravitropism. To identify genes affected in the signal perception and/or transduction phase of the gravity response, a mutant screen was devised using cold treatment to delay the gravity response of inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis. Inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis show no response to gravistimulation at 4°C for up to 3 h. However, when gravistimulated at 4°C and then returned to vertical at room temperature (RT), stems bend in response to the previous, horizontal gravistimulation (H. Fukaki, H. Fujisawa, M. Tasaka [1996] Plant Physiology 110: 933-943). This indicates that gravity perception, but not the gravitropic response, occurs at 4°C. Recessive mutations were identified at three loci using this cold effect on gravitropism to screen for gravity persistence signal (gps) mutants. All three mutants had an altered response after gravistimulation at 4°C, yet had phenotypically normal responses to stimulations at RT. gps1-1 did not bend in response to the 4°C gravity stimulus upon return to RT. gps2-1 responded to the 4°C stimulus but bent in the opposite direction. gps3-1 over-responded after return to RT, continuing to bend to an angle greater than wild-type plants. At 4°C, starch-containing statoliths sedimented normally in both wild-type and the gps mutants, but auxin transport was abolished at 4°C. These results are consistent with GPS loci affecting an aspect of the gravity signal perception/transduction pathway that occurs after statolith sedimentation, but before auxin transport.Gravity is a constant stimulus governing the orientation of plant growth. In response to changes in the gravity vector, plants reorient by differential growth. When placed horizontally, shoots and roots of a plant exhibit asymmetric growth resulting in upward or downward curvature, respectively. Gravitropism is only one part of a complex response network that integrates information from developmental and environmental stimuli (Ramussen, 1995). For simplicity, the response pathway has been separated into three sequential steps: gravity perception, signal transduction, and asymmetric growth response (for review, see Sack, 1991). The first step in gravity perception is the sedimentation of amyloplasts in shoots and roots (Sack, 1991;Kiss, 2000;Weise et al., 2000).Later aspects of the gravity response are driven by the asymmetric distribution of auxin that is thought to induce the differential growth that is required for gravitropic curvature (for review, see Muday, 2001). What is much less clear are the mechanisms by which statolith sedimentation initiates the transduction of the gravitropic signal and directs the asymmetric distribution of auxin.Arabidopsis has emerged as a powerful genetic model and has been useful in the dissection of the molecular mechanisms of the gravity response (Tasaka et al., 1999;Chen et al., 2002). Arabidopsis mutants with gravitropic response defects specific to the inflorescence stem, ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutations in the Gravity Persistence Signal Loci in Arabidopsis Disrupt the Perception and/or Signal Transduction of Gravitropic Stimuli

et al. 2002

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“…Because the development of amyloplasts was not affected, it is unlikely that the development of columella cells is orientation specific. Although the actin cytoskeleton is not involved in the initial development of gravity sensing before seed germination, it is likely to play a regulatory role in gravitropism after root emergence (Sievers et al, 1996;Baluška and Hasenstein, 1997;Nick et al, 1997;Hou et al, 2004) because of its mechanical properties (Ingber, 1993). If the sensing mass (amyloplasts) is actively moved or lifted by the cytoskeleton, the system would benefit from amplification of weak signals by noise or stochastic resonance (Douglass et al, 1993;Kondrachuk, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Onset of Gravisensitivity in the Embryonic Root of Flax

Hasenstein

2005

Plant Physiology

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Vertical orientation of emerging roots typically is the first response of plants to gravity. Although root gravitropism has been studied extensively, no conclusive data on the onset of gravisensing exist. We determined the inception of gravisensitivity in flax (Linum usitatissimum) roots by clinorotating germinating seeds after various periods of static orientation (gravistimulation) of imbibed seeds. Gravitropic competency was established about 8 h after imbibition, 11 h prior to germination. The time was determined based on 50% of the newly emerged roots curving in the direction of the gravity vector during static imbibition, despite subsequent clinorotation. The threshold value was affected by the orientation of the seeds. Upward orientation of the micropyle/radicle reduced the number of graviresponding roots to about one-half. Prolonged clinorotation weakened the graviresponse. Gravisensing was accompanied by the development of amyloplasts, but the actin cytoskeleton was not involved because imbibition in Latrunculin B did not affect the onset of gravisensitivity or germination, and the development of F-actin in untreated controls was observed only after the onset of gravisensitivity.

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“…The cytoskeleton dynamics may contribute to the perpendicular arrangement of cellulose fibrils against the cell long axis, as in the case of fast growing cells, and may be essential in the polar auxin transport. The effect of gravity on circumnutations may proceed through a system of graviperception, based both on the statoliths-cytoskeleton model of Sievers et al 56 and on the tension-and pressure-sensitive cell membraneextracellular matrix model proposed by Wayne and Staves. 57 Both models take into account the possibility of opening of ion channels induced by directional changes related to gravity changes.…”

Section: Cellular and Molecular Basis For Circumnutationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circumnutation as a visible plant action and reaction

Stolarz

2009

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Circumnutation is a helical organ movement widespread among plants. It is variable due to a different magnitude of trajectory (amplitude) outlined by the organ tip, duration of one cycle (period), circular, elliptical, pendulum-like or irregular shape and clock-and counterclockwise direction of rotation. Some of those movement parameters are regulated by circadian clock and show daily and infradian rhythms. Circumnutation is influenced by light, temperature, chemicals and can depend on organ morphology. The diversity of this phenomenon is easier to see now that the digital time-lapse video method is developing fast. Whether circumnutation is an endogenous action, a reaction to exogenous stimuli or has a combined character has been discussed for a long time. Similarly, the relationship between growth and circumnutation is still unclear. In the mechanism of circumnutation, epidermal and endodermal cells as well as plasmodesmata, plasma membrane, ions (Ca 2+ , K + and Cl -), ion channels and the proton pump (H + ATPase) are engaged. Based on these data, the hypothetical electrophysiological model of the circumnutation mechanism has been proposed here. In the recent circumnutation studies, gravitropic, auxin, clock and phytochrome mutants are used and new functions of circumnutation in plants' life have been investigated and described.

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Gravity sensing in tip-growing cells

Cited by 85 publications

References 30 publications

Mutations in the Gravity Persistence Signal Loci in Arabidopsis Disrupt the Perception and/or Signal Transduction of Gravitropic Stimuli

Mutations in the Gravity Persistence Signal Loci in Arabidopsis Disrupt the Perception and/or Signal Transduction of Gravitropic Stimuli

The Onset of Gravisensitivity in the Embryonic Root of Flax

Circumnutation as a visible plant action and reaction

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