Gray Mold Populations in German Strawberry Fields Are Resistant to Multiple Fungicides and Dominated by a Novel Clade Closely Related to Botrytis cinerea

Leroch, Michaela; Plesken, Cecilia; Weber, Roland W.S.; Kauff, Frank; Scalliet, Gabriel; Hahn, Matthias

doi:10.1128/aem.02655-12

Cited by 197 publications

(276 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…A partial explanation was provided by the observation that all but four of 128 B. pseudocinerea strains tested had an intron in cytB preventing the G143A resistance mutation against QoI fungicides. This confirms data from Leroux et al (33) but is in striking contrast to the high frequency of QoI-resistant B. cinerea strains worldwide (16,26,34). Because QoI fungicides are applied at least once per season in most German horticultural crops under integrated pest management, their use could selectively suppress B. pseudocinerea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 30%

“…The sequences of the following genes used for phylogenetic studies have been deposited in GenBank (accession number): for B. pseudocinerea strain VD110 (13), tubA (KR030048), g3pdh (KR030052), ms547 (KR030050), and rps3 (KR054110); for B. pseudocinerea group B strain D11_T_B41, tubA (KR030047), g3pdh (KR030051), and ms547 (KR030049); for B. cinerea S strain G09_S33, tubA (KT335260) and g3pdh (KT335261); for B. fabae strain 11002 (16), tubA (KR054109) and g3pdh (KR030053); and for B. calthae strain MUCL2830 (16), tubA (KR054108). Sequences of additional B. pseudocinerea strains were obtained from Johnston et al (17).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To obtain boscalid-resistant mutants of B. cinerea B05.10 and B. pseudocinerea VD110 (13) and carbendazim-resistant mutants of strain VD110, a UV treatment was performed prior to selection. For this purpose, 10 7 conidia from 12-day-old sporulating cultures were spread on yeast, Bacto peptone, and acetate (YBA) plates containing 3 mg of boscalid liter Ϫ1 or on HA plates containing 3 mg carbendazim liter Ϫ1 (16). UV irradiation was performed in a Gene Linker UV chamber (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) at 120 mJ cm Ϫ2 for 18 s, which resulted in 70 to 80% lethality (nongerminating conidia on nonselective HA medium).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Field strains were isolated and cultivated as described previously (16). Fungicide sensitivity or resistance of gray mold isolates was determined for seven major classes of site-specific fungicides against B. cinerea, represented by fenhexamid, boscalid, cyprodinil, fludioxonil, azoxystrobin (QoI), iprodione, and carbendazim.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In German strawberry fields, a variant of B. cinerea, called Botrytis group S (subsequently referred to as B. cinerea S), showed significant divergence from previously described B. cinerea strains (in the following called B. cinerea N, for normal genotype) in several genes (16). In addition, strains of B. cinerea S showed a higher frequency of multiple-fungicide resistance than B. cinerea N in German soft fruit fields (16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Botrytis pseudocinerea Is a Significant Pathogen of Several Crop Plants but Susceptible to Displacement by Fungicide-Resistant B. cinerea Strains

Plesken

Weber

Rupp

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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cBotrytis cinerea is one of the most important pathogens worldwide, causing gray mold on a large variety of crops. Botrytis pseudocinerea has been found previously to occur together with B. cinerea in low abundance in vineyards and strawberry fields. Here, we report B. pseudocinerea to be common and sometimes dominant over B. cinerea on several fruit and vegetable crops in Germany. On apples with calyx end rot and on oilseed rape, it was the major gray mold species. Abundance of B. pseudocinerea was often negatively correlated with fungicide treatments. On cultivated strawberries, it was frequently found in spring but was largely displaced by B. cinerea following fungicide applications. Whereas B. cinerea strains with multiple-fungicide resistance were common in these fields, B. pseudocinerea almost never developed resistance to any fungicide even though resistance mutations occurred at similar frequencies in both species under laboratory conditions. The absence of resistance to quinone outside inhibitors in B. pseudocinerea was correlated with an intron in cytB preventing the major G143A resistance mutation. Our work indicates that B. pseudocinerea has a wide host range similar to that of B. cinerea and that it can become an important gray mold pathogen on cultivated plants. Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. is one of the most important plant pathogens worldwide, causing gray mold rot on far more than 200 plant species, including cultivated fruits, vegetables, and ornamental flowers. In addition to its wide host range, typical features of B. cinerea are a necrotrophic, macerating mode of infection, abundant production of asexual macroconidia on the surface of colonized host tissue, and formation of melanized sclerotia for long-term survival and sexual reproduction. Control of gray mold often relies on the use of fungicides although the efficacy of such treatments is threatened worldwide by the abundance of fungicide-resistant B. cinerea field strains (1). Based on gene sequence comparisons, the genus Botrytis has been divided into two phylogenetically separate clades (2). Clade 1 includes B. cinerea and B. pseudocinerea as well as the host-specific species B. fabae, B. calthae, and B. sinoviticola; all of these infect only dicot plants. Clade 2 is phylogenetically more diverse and currently comprises 23 host-specific Botrytis species that infect predominantly monocots (2-4).B. cinerea shows considerable variability in mycelial growth phenotype, conidiation, and sclerotium formation. Numerous studies have also documented a high degree of genetic variability within the species. Based on the analysis of PCR-restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns, fungicide resistance, and the detection of transposable elements, Giraud et al. provided evidence of the existence of genetically distinct groups within B. cinerea (5, 6). In particular, the presence or absence of the long terminal repeat retrotransposon Boty (7) and of the DNA transposon Flipper (8) was used to divide isolates into different transposon types, e...

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