Gray’s revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory in relation to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Tourette-like behaviors in the general population

Abstract

A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. Abstract Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette Syndrome (TS) present as distinct conditions clinically; however, they show comorbidity and inhibitory control deficits have been proposed to underlie both. The role of reinforcement sensitivity in ADHD has been studied previously, but no study has addressed this in relation to TS-like behaviors in the general population. The present study examined these associations within the remit of the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (rRST). One hundred and thirty-eight participants completed psychometric measures of the rRST, and self-report checklists for ADHD-and TS-like behaviors. The results show that whilst ADHD-inattention was only linked to increased anxiety (BIS), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity was linked to increased impulsivity (BAS-fun seeking), anxiety (BIS) and punishment sensitivity (FFFS), and to reduced reward sensitivity (BAS-reward responsiveness), independently of 'comorbid' TS-like behaviors. TS-related phonic tics were associated with increased BIS and FFFS, and TS-related obsessive-compulsive behaviors (OCBs) with increased goal-orientation (BAS-drive) and reduced impulsivity (BAS-fun seeking). However, these associations were driven by ADHD-like behaviors or OCB cooccurrence, respectively, suggesting little role of the rRST in pure TS-like behaviors. The results are discussed in light of mixed findings in the literature and the importance of distinguishing between multiple processing models of the rRST in distinct disorder phenotypes.

Overactive Pattern Separation Memory Associated with Negative Emotionality in Adults Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder

“…In addition to achievement motivation, there is also evidence showing the scale also measures hyperactive and impulsive behavior (e.g., Gomez and Corr Heym et al 2015). Thus it may be that the ASD performance reflects impulsivity rather than memory deficits.…”

Regulation of emotion in ADHD: can children with ADHD override the natural tendency to approach positive and avoid negative pictures?

“…Findings with regard to hyperactivity/impulsivity are less consistent as it has been associated with higher and lower levels of BAS (Gomez & Corr, 2010;Heym et al, 2015), but also higher and lower levels of BIS (Heym et al, 2015;Hundt et al, 2008;Mitchell & Nelson-Gray, 2006). In addition, there is some evidence for a link between hyperactivity/impulsivity and increased FFFS (Heym et al, 2015). The measure of response modulation, in the approach-avoidance paradigm, is derived by comparing a condition where participants are instructed to approach positive and avoid negative emotional stimuli (congruent condition) and one where the instruction is to avoid positive and approach negative emotional stimuli (incongruent condition).…”

“…The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) is activated in the presence of conflicting cues, giving rise to inhibition of ongoing behavior (Gray & McNaughton, 2000). It OVERRIDDING APPROACH-AVOIDANCE TENDENCIES IN ADHD 6 has been reported that symptoms of inattention in ADHD are underpinned by an overactive BIS (Gomez & Corr, 2010;Heym, Kantini, Checkley, & Cassaday, 2015;Hundt, Kimbrel, Mitchell, & Nelson-Gray, 2008;Mitchell & Nelson-Gray, 2006). Findings with regard to hyperactivity/impulsivity are less consistent as it has been associated with higher and lower levels of BAS (Gomez & Corr, 2010;Heym et al, 2015), but also higher and lower levels of BIS (Heym et al, 2015;Hundt et al, 2008;Mitchell & Nelson-Gray, 2006).…”

“…Differences in levels of BAS (higher or lower levels) and BIS (higher or lower levels), as well as an increased FFFS have been associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity and an overactive BIS has been linked to inattentive symptoms (Gomez & Corr, 2010;Heym et al, 2015;Hundt et al, 2008;Mitchell & Nelson-Gray, 2006). Differences in BAS and FFFS would imply differences in approach and avoidance behavior.…”

Psychometric Properties of the BIS/BAS Scales and the SPSRQ in Flemish Adolescents

“…Indeed, the role of BIS and BAS might be very important during adolescence given that reward processing peaks during this developmental age period whereas inhibitory capacities are generally lower compared to other age groups ( Galván, 2013 ; Romer & Hennessy, 2007 ). Furthermore, variations in BIS and BAS sensitivity can explain individual differences in personality and psychopathology (e.g., Harrison, Treasure, & Smillie, 2011 ; Heym, Kantini, Checkley, & Cassaday, 2015 ; Soler et al, 2014 ). Two studies report findings concerning the factor structure of the BIS/BAS Scales in adolescent samples ( Cooper, Gomez, & Aucote, 2007 ; Yu, Branje, Keijsers, & Meeus, 2011 ) with Cooper et al ( 2007 ) finding evidence for a four-factor model in an Australian population, whereas Yu et al ( 2011 ) found evidence for a two-factor model in a Dutch population.…”