Grayscale ultrasonography findings for characterization of gallbladder wall thickening in non-acute setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Gallbladder reporting and data system (GB-RADS) for risk stratification of gallbladder wall thickening on ultrasonography: an international expert consensus

“…The experts acknowledge the increasing utilization of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for characterization of gallbladder wall [47]. However, due to the cost and limited availability, the incorporation of CEUS into risk stratification algorithm is not advocated [48]. Finally, the performance of GB-RADS must be validated in prospective, multicenter studies.…”

Preoperative Diagnosis of Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis

“…Presence of focal wall thickening, wall disruption and indistinct liver margin favours underlying neoplastic process compared to diffuse wall thickening or intramural features including echogenic foci and hypoechoic nodules which favours the benign process such as XGC. 8 The most common CT finding of XGC is diffuse gallbladder wall thickening with presence of intramural hypodense nodules or bands and luminal surface enhancement with continuous mucosal line. [3][4][5] Goshima et al found that five CT findings improve the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy for XGC which help to differentiate it from gallbladder carcinoma.…”

Imaging patterns of wall thickening type of gallbladder cancer

“…Mural thickening in the setting of extracholecystic causes, e.g., liver and cardiac disease, is diffuse and associated with mural layering [6]. In a recent systematic review, the US features of benign and malignant gallbladder wall thickening were reported [69]. A few novel imaging techniques, including DECT and texture analysis, have recently been investigated to increase the accuracy of detection of malignant gallbladder wall thickening [70][71][72].…”