Graywater treatment and reuse

Shaikh, Irshad N.; Ahammed, M. Mansoor; Krishnan, M.P. Sukanya

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816170-8.00002-8

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Thus, a strainer needs to be installed before the biochemical treatment process in practice. Moreover, GW contains large amounts of LAS 1,12 , which causes the replication of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) in the antibiotics resistance bacteria 41 and may further affects the effluent quality of BhGAC-DBfR during GW treatment; more attention should be focus on the ARGs proliferation, transformation and efficient removal in the BhGAC-DBfR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increasing demand of fresh water has led to the efforts in conserving precious water resource and reusing wastewater 1 . As the main source of domestic sewage (50-80%), GW is defined as wastewater generated from households excluding that from toilets 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various methods, including physical, chemical, biological, and their combined techniques, have been used to treat GW 1,7 . However, these approaches ignored the potential application of decentralized on-site reuse of GW 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bio-enhanced Granular-Activated Carbon Dynamic Biofilm Reactor for Greywater Treatment: Biofilm Growth, Performance and Mechanisms

Zhou

Wang

Yang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The potential of source-diverted greywater (GW) reuse mainly rely on the efficiency and cost of GW treatment technology. Oxygen (O2) supply and utilization rate directly determines the energy consumption and pollutants removal rate in the biological GW treatment. This study developed an effective, gravity flow self-supplying O2 and easy-to-maintain bio-enhanced granular-activated carbon dynamic biofilm reactor (BhGAC-DBfR) for on-site GW treatment. Results showed that increasing of saturated/unsaturated ratio led to the continuous growth of biomass on GAC surface. Division of saturated and unsaturated zones favors the formation of aerobic-anoxic-anaerobic biofilm in the reactor. A saturated/unsaturated ratio of 1:1.1 achieved the maximum removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD), linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen at 98.3, 99.4, 99.8 and 83.5%, respectively. Key is that adsorption and biodegradation play important and distinct roles in the quick uptake and continuous removal of both organics and N in the system. The related genus and enzymes functional for LAS mineralization, deamination of organic N, ammonium oxidation, and nitrate respiration enabled the efficient and simultaneous removal of organics and N in the BhGAC-DBfR. This study offers a promising engineering alternative technology with great potential to achieve efficient and low-energy-input GW treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bio-enhanced Granular-Activated Carbon Dynamic Biofilm Reactor for Greywater Treatment: Biofilm Growth, Performance and Mechanisms

Zhou

Wang

Yang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…25 Here, 4.3 mg of urea was also added to 1 L of GW to make the TN concentration basically consistent with the practical GW. 1 The pH of influent GW was maintained at 7.01 ± 0.02 using 0.1 M HCl or NaOH and stored at 4 °C in a refrigerator before use. The parameters of the synthetic GW are shown in Table S1.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As one of the options for nonpotable purposes, greywater (GW) reuse is attracting worldwide attention due to the relatively low pollution compared with blackwater. 1 In all GW treatment technologies, biological treatment exhibits unique advantages including high pollutant removal rates, strong adaptability, and low potential secondary pollution. 2 The widely used biological treatment systems include moving bed biofilm reactors, 3 biological filters, 4 membrane bioreactors, 5 rotating biological contactors, 6 and membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs).…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous and Efficient Removal of Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate and Nitrogen in a Membrane Biofilm Reactor under Low Dissolved Oxygen Conditions

Cui

Liu

et al. 2022

ACS EST Eng.

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This work focused on revealing the removal mechanisms of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) and nitrogen under low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions in a membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) during greywater treatment. High ammonium led to net accumulation of protein-enriched extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The biofilms with more protein-EPS had faster kinetics for the removal of LAS, ammonium, and total nitrogen, based on zero-order or first-order kinetics. High protein-EPS alleviated LAS toxicity to microbial physiological functions and achieved stable and efficient removal of LAS and nitrogen under low DO conditions. With DO concentrations of 0.6 mg/L, all the biofilm samples achieved efficient ammonia oxidation and LAS mineralization. When DO decreased to 0.3 mg/L, enriching the biofilms with more ammonium led to increased accumulation of LAS biodegradation-related genus and enzymes, nitrifiers and ammonium monooxygenases (AMO), and denitrification-related heterotrophs and reductases, all of which allowed the unaffected removal of LAS and nitrogen under low DO conditions. Two metabolic LAS removal mechanisms under low DO conditions were that LAS can be mineralized in the presence of AMO and LAS oxidase, and LAS can be removed in the denitrification process as the electron donor. Our results provided key information for the practical application of O2-MBfR in low-energy-input wastewater treatment.

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Quantity and quality characteristics of greywater from an Indian household

Shaikh

Ahammed

2022

Environ Monit Assess

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Graywater treatment and reuse

Cited by 14 publications

References 103 publications

Bio-enhanced Granular-Activated Carbon Dynamic Biofilm Reactor for Greywater Treatment: Biofilm Growth, Performance and Mechanisms

Bio-enhanced Granular-Activated Carbon Dynamic Biofilm Reactor for Greywater Treatment: Biofilm Growth, Performance and Mechanisms

Simultaneous and Efficient Removal of Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate and Nitrogen in a Membrane Biofilm Reactor under Low Dissolved Oxygen Conditions

Quantity and quality characteristics of greywater from an Indian household

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