Greater increase in internal carotid artery shear rate during aerobic interval compared to continuous exercise in healthy adult men

Ogoh, Shigehiko; Washio, Takuro; Suzuki, Kazuya; Iemitsu, Motoyuki; Hashimoto, Takeshi; Iwamoto, Erika; Bailey, Damian Miles

doi:10.14814/phy2.14705

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…It may be reasonable to presume that acute exercise that improves cognitive function can maintain chronic cognitive health through repeated performance. However, it is not fully understood how the acute effects of exercise on cognitive function determine chronic effects (Hashimoto et al, 2021), and thus caution is warranted in estimating the chronic effects from the present results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Handgrip exercise does not alter CO₂‐mediated cerebrovascular flow‐mediated dilation

Saito,

Watanabe,

Iwamoto

et al. 2023

Experimental Physiology

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Handgrip exercise (HG), a small muscle exercise, improves cognitive function and is expected to provide a useful exercise mode to maintain cerebral health. However, the effect of HG on cerebral blood flow regulation is not fully understood. The present study aimed to examine the effect of acute HG on cerebral endothelial function as one of the essential cerebral blood flow regulatory functions. Thirteen healthy young participants performed interval HG, consisting of 4 sets of 2 min HG at 25% of maximum voluntary contraction with 3 min recovery between each set. Cognitive performance was evaluated before and at 5 and 60 min after interval HG using the Go/No‐Go task (reaction time and accuracy). The diameter and blood velocity of the internal carotid artery (ICA) were measured using a duplex Doppler ultrasound system. To assess cerebral endothelial function, hypercapnia (30 s of hypercapnia stimulation, end‐tidal partial pressure of CO2: +9 mmHg)‐induced cerebrovascular flow‐mediated dilatation (cFMD) was induced, calculated as relative peak dilatation from baseline diameter. The shear rate (SR) was calculated using the diameter and blood velocity of the ICA. As a result, cognitive performance improved only at 5 min after interval HG (reaction time, P = 0.008; accuracy, P = 0.186), whereas ICA SR during interval HG and cFMD after interval HG were unchanged (P = 0.313 and P = 0.440, respectively). These results suggest that enhancement in cerebral endothelial function is not an essential mechanism responsible for acute HG‐induced cognitive improvement.New Findings What is the central question of this study? Does handgrip exercise, a small muscle exercise, improve cerebral endothelial function? What is the main finding and its importance? Acute interval isometric handgrip exercise (2 min of exercise at 25% maximum voluntary contraction, followed by 3 min of recovery, repeated for a total of 4 sets) did not improve cerebral endothelial function. Since the cerebrovascular shear rate did not change during exercise, it is possible that acute handgrip exercise is not sufficient stimulation to improve cerebral endothelial function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Handgrip exercise does not alter CO₂‐mediated cerebrovascular flow‐mediated dilation

Saito,

Watanabe,

Iwamoto

et al. 2023

Experimental Physiology

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“…The Journal of Physiological Sciences cerebral SR more effectively than continuous steady-state exercise [8]. Therefore, the improvement of EF may be dictated or subject to regulation by the specific flow/SR 'phenotype' .…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is surprising, given the controversial findings relating to systemic flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in hypoxia [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] combined with the observation that retrograde flow is confined to the systemic and not the cerebral arterial circulation [11,23,24]. Specifically, the increase in retrograde flow [22,25,26], known to attenuate systemic EF [27], given its absence in the cerebral circulation [8,23,24,28] would result in preserved (i.e., maintained) EF.…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of continuous hypoxia on flow-mediated dilation in the cerebral and systemic circulation: on the regulatory significance of shear rate phenotype

et al. 2022

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Emergent evidence suggests that cyclic intermittent hypoxia increases cerebral arterial shear rate and endothelial function, whereas continuous exposure decreases anterior cerebral oxygen (O2) delivery. To examine to what extent continuous hypoxia impacts cerebral shear rate, cerebral endothelial function, and consequent cerebral O2 delivery (CDO2), eight healthy males were randomly assigned single-blind to 7 h passive exposure to both normoxia (21% O2) and hypoxia (12% O2). Blood flow in the brachial and internal carotid arteries were determined using Duplex ultrasound and included the combined assessment of systemic and cerebral endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation. Systemic (brachial artery) flow-mediated dilatation was consistently lower during hypoxia (P = 0.013 vs. normoxia), whereas cerebral flow-mediated dilation remained preserved (P = 0.927 vs. normoxia) despite a reduction in internal carotid artery antegrade shear rate (P = 0.002 vs. normoxia) and CDO2 (P < 0.001 vs. normoxia). Collectively, these findings indicate that the reduction in CDO2 appears to be independent of cerebral endothelial function and contrasts with that observed during cyclic intermittent hypoxia, highlighting the regulatory importance of (hypoxia) dose duration and flow/shear rate phenotype.

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“…While this evidence has emerged mainly from studies of the forearm artery [ 104 ], it is reasonable to infer that greater shear stress and therefore vascular adaptation, would also occur in the cerebral vasculature. Indeed, Ogoh et al [ 121 ] showed significantly higher internal carotid artery velocity (i.e., shear stress) for HIIT compared with MICT during acute exercise and recovery. Moreover, Klein et al [ 122 ] found significantly greater total MCAv (i.e., shear stress) during an acute bout of HIIT compared with MICT for younger and older adults.…”

Section: Is There Rationale For Higher Intensity Exercise?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, exercise at higher intensities seemed counterintuitive to increasing CBF and shear stress within the cerebral circulation [ 124 ]. However, combining intervals of high intensity exercise with short intervals of active recovery (i.e., HIIT) appears to lead to a greater accumulation of CBF and shear stress than MICT [ 121 , 122 ]. Furthermore, studies examining MCAv during rowing exercise [ 125 ] and running [ 126 ] have shown that MCAv may not exhibit the same inverted U-shape pattern as cycling exercise.…”

Section: Is There Rationale For Higher Intensity Exercise?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Utility of High Intensity Interval Training to Improve Cognitive Aging in Heart Disease Patients

Taylor

Barnes

Johnson

2022

IJERPH

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Adults with cardiovascular disease and heart failure are at higher risk of cognitive decline. Cerebral hypoperfusion appears to be a significant contributor, which can result from vascular dysfunction and impairment of cerebral blood flow regulation. In contrast, higher cardiorespiratory fitness shows protection against brain atrophy, reductions in cerebral blood flow, and cognitive decline. Given that high intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to be a potent stimulus for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and peripheral vascular function, its utility for improving cognitive aging is an important area of research. This article will review the physiology related to cerebral blood flow regulation and cognitive decline in adults with cardiovascular disease and heart failure, and how HIIT may provide a more optimal stimulus for improving cognitive aging in this population.

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Greater increase in internal carotid artery shear rate during aerobic interval compared to continuous exercise in healthy adult men

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Handgrip exercise does not alter CO₂‐mediated cerebrovascular flow‐mediated dilation

Handgrip exercise does not alter CO₂‐mediated cerebrovascular flow‐mediated dilation

Effects of continuous hypoxia on flow-mediated dilation in the cerebral and systemic circulation: on the regulatory significance of shear rate phenotype

The Utility of High Intensity Interval Training to Improve Cognitive Aging in Heart Disease Patients

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Greater increase in internal carotid artery shear rate during aerobic interval compared to continuous exercise in healthy adult men

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Handgrip exercise does not alter CO2‐mediated cerebrovascular flow‐mediated dilation

Handgrip exercise does not alter CO2‐mediated cerebrovascular flow‐mediated dilation

Effects of continuous hypoxia on flow-mediated dilation in the cerebral and systemic circulation: on the regulatory significance of shear rate phenotype

The Utility of High Intensity Interval Training to Improve Cognitive Aging in Heart Disease Patients

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Handgrip exercise does not alter CO₂‐mediated cerebrovascular flow‐mediated dilation

Handgrip exercise does not alter CO₂‐mediated cerebrovascular flow‐mediated dilation