Greater initial adaptations to submaximal  muscle lengthening than maximal shortening

Hortobágyi, Tibor; Barrier, J; Beard, David; Braspennincx, J.; Koens, Peter; DeVita, Paul; Dempsey, L. E.; Lambert, Jean

doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.4.1677

Cited by 186 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Because ECC contractions exert a much greater muscle force than CON contractions, ERT has the capability of 'overloading' the muscle to a greater extent, which can result in greater increases in strength and size. [17][18][19] In this study, an increase in 1RM was observed both in the ERT and CRT groups, but the degree of increase was greater in the ERT than in the CRT group. These results suggest that ERT, which had a quick lifting and Pulse wave velocity, which is an index of arterial stiffness, 20,21 is known to be a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with hypertension and type II diabetes, and of all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension and end-stage renal disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 42%

Effects of muscle contraction timing during resistance training on vascular function

2008

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Muscle contractions in normal resistance training are performed by eccentric (ECC, lowering phase) and concentric (CON, lifting phase) muscle contractions. However, the difference in effects of timing of muscle contraction during resistance training on arterial stiffness is unknown. This study investigated the effect of muscle contraction timing during resistance training on vascular function in healthy young adults. Thirty healthy men were randomly assigned to group of resistance training with quick lifting and slow lowering (ERT, n ¼ 10), group of resistance training with slow lifting and quick lowering (CRT, n ¼ 10) and sedentary groups (SED, n ¼ 10). The ERT and CRT groups underwent two supervised resistance-training sessions per week for 10 weeks. The ERT group performed the on set of 8-10 repetitions with 3 s ECC and 1 s CON muscle contractions. In contrast, the CRT group performed the on set of 8-10 repetitions with 1 s ECC and 3 s CON muscle contractions. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) after ERT did not change from baseline. In contrast, baPWV after CRT increased from baseline (from 1049 ± 37 to 1153±30 cm s À1 , Po0.05). No significant changes in flow-mediated dilation were observed in the ERT and CRT groups. These values did not change in the SED group. These findings suggest that although both training does not deteriorate a vascular endothelial function, resistance training with quick lifting and slow lowering (that is, ERT) prevent the stiffening of arterial stiffness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 42%

Effects of muscle contraction timing during resistance training on vascular function

2008

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“…Hortobagyi et al 26 examined the dependency of muscle increase on contraction modes and reported that CON muscle strength was significantly increased by CRT, whereas ECC muscle strength was significantly increased by ERT. Since the measured 1RM in this study was CON, it was considered that the increase in muscle strength was dependent on the contraction mode.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of eccentric and concentric resistance training on arterial stiffness

2006

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It has been suggested that resistance training (RT) increases arterial stiffness. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the effect of eccentric RT (ERT) and concentric RT (CRT) on arterial stiffness in female adults by an interventional study. In total, 29 healthy female subjects were randomly assigned to either the ERT group (n ¼ 10), CRT group (n ¼ 10) or sedentary (SED) group (n ¼ 9). The ERT and CRT groups performed resistance training three times a week for 8 weeks. We determined brachial blood pressure, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), carotid artery intimamedial thickness (IMT) and carotid arterial lumen diameter before and after training and after detraining.The before-training baPWV did not differ significantly among the three groups. After 8 weeks of RT, arterial stiffness in the CRT group was increased compared with the ERT and SED group (Po0.05). However, brachial blood pressure, baPWV, carotid IMT and carotid lumen diameter in the ERT and CRT groups were unchanged by RT for 8 weeks. Consequently, it was clarified that arterial stiffness was not changed by ERT for 8 weeks. This suggests that ERT may be effective as an exercise prescription for middle-aged and elderly adults.

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“…Evidence from studies during the last decade suggest that high-intensity resistance training incorporating eccentric contractions can offer some advantages over more traditional training strategies to increase muscle strength and mass in older adults (Hortobagyi and De Vita., 2000;LaStayo et al, 2003a;Onambele et al, 2008;Reeves et al, 2009). The high metabolic efficiency (LaStayo et al, 2000) and faster adaptations observed with eccentric training (Hortobagyi et al, 1996) make it especially appealing in clinical situations after periods of immobilization or in the most debilitated old individuals (Hortobagyi and De Vita, 2000).…”

Section: Implications For Training and Rehabilitation Of The Elderlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Preservation of eccentric strength in older adults: Evidence, mechanisms and implications for training and rehabilitation

Roig

MacIntyre

Eng

et al. 2010

Experimental Gerontology

118

125

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Overall reductions in muscle strength typically accompany the aging process. However, older adults show a relatively preserved capacity of producing eccentric strength. The preservation of eccentric strength in older adults is a well-established phenomenon, occurring indiscriminately across different muscle groups, independent of age-related architectural changes in muscle structure and velocity of movement.The mechanisms for the preservation of eccentric strength appear to be mechanical and cellular in origin and include both passive and active elements regulating muscle stiffness. The age-related accumulation of non-contractile material in the muscle-tendon unit increases passive stiffness, which might offer mechanical advantage during eccentric contractions. In addition, the preserved muscle tension and increased instantaneous stiffness of old muscle fibers during stretch increase active stiffness, which might enhance eccentric strength.The fact that the preservation of eccentric strength is present in people with chronic conditions when compared to age-matched healthy controls indicates that the aging process per se does not exclusively mediate the preservation of eccentric strength. Physical inactivity, which is common in elderly and people with chronic conditions, is a potential factor regulating the preservation of eccentric strength.When compared to concentric strength, the magnitude of the preservation of eccentric strength in older adults ranges from 2% to 48% with a mean value from all studies of 21.6%. This functional reserve of eccentric strength might be clinically relevant, especially to initiate resistance training and rehabilitation programs in individuals with low levels of strength.

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Greater initial adaptations to submaximal muscle lengthening than maximal shortening

Cited by 186 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of muscle contraction timing during resistance training on vascular function

Effects of muscle contraction timing during resistance training on vascular function

Effects of eccentric and concentric resistance training on arterial stiffness

Preservation of eccentric strength in older adults: Evidence, mechanisms and implications for training and rehabilitation

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