Green Algae and the Origins of Multicellularity in the Plant Kingdom

Umen, James G.

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016170

Cited by 121 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 240 publications

(269 reference statements)

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“…Complex multicellularity evolved in only five eukaryotic groups (Cock et al ., ; Parfrey et al ., ; Niklas, ; Umen, ; Brawley et al ., ). Within fungi, it occurs in most major clades and shows signs of convergent evolution (Sugiyama, Hosaka, & Suh, ; Schoch et al ., ; Taylor & Ellison, ; Knoll, ) (Fig.…”

Section: Convergent Origins Of Complex Multicellularity In Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multicellularity comes in many forms and complexity levels, ranging from simple cell aggregations, colonies, films or filaments to the most complex organisms known (Szathmary & Smith, ; Rokas, ; Fairclough, Dayel, & King, ; Knoll, ; Niklas & Newman, ; Richter & King, ; Sebé‐Pedrós et al ., ; Niklas, ; Rainey & de Monte, ; Umen, ; Aguilar, Eichwald, & Eberl, ; Herron & Nedelcu, ). While simple cell aggregations and colonies evolved at least 25 times in both pro‐ and eukaryotes (Grosberg & Strathmann, ; Rokas, ), complex multicellularity has evolved in up to five major groups: animals, embryophytes, red and brown algae (Knoll, ; Claessen et al ., ; Niklas, ; Umen, ; Cock et al ., , ; Nagy, ; Niklas & Newman, ; Sebé‐Pedrós, Degnan & Ruiz‐Trillo, ), and fungi. While for many groups evolving simple multicellularity seems to be relatively easy, complex multicellularity probably represents a more difficult leap for organisms (Grosberg & Strathmann, ).…”

Section: Introduction: Simple and Complex Multicellularitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complex multicellularity in fungi: evolutionary convergence, single origin, or both?

2018

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Complex multicellularity represents the most advanced level of biological organization and it has evolved only a few times: in metazoans, green plants, brown and red algae and fungi. Compared to other lineages, the evolution of multicellularity in fungi follows different principles; both simple and complex multicellularity evolved via unique mechanisms not found in other lineages. Herein we review ecological, palaeontological, developmental and genomic aspects of complex multicellularity in fungi and discuss general principles of the evolution of complex multicellularity in light of its fungal manifestations. Fungi represent the only lineage in which complex multicellularity shows signatures of convergent evolution: it appears 8-11 times in distinct fungal lineages, which show a patchy phylogenetic distribution yet share some of the genetic mechanisms underlying complex multicellular development. To explain the patchy distribution of complex multicellularity across the fungal phylogeny we identify four key observations: the large number of apparently independent complex multicellular clades; the lack of documented phenotypic homology between these clades; the conservation of gene circuits regulating the onset of complex multicellular development; and the existence of clades in which the evolution of complex multicellularity is coupled with limited gene family diversification. We discuss how these patterns and known genetic aspects of fungal development can be reconciled with the genetic theory of convergent evolution to explain the pervasive occurrence of complex multicellularity across the fungal tree of life.

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Section: Convergent Origins Of Complex Multicellularity In Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction: Simple and Complex Multicellularitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex multicellularity in fungi: evolutionary convergence, single origin, or both?

2018

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“…One is provided by the green algae C. reinhardtii and V. carteri. The former is a single-cell organism with isogamous mating, while the latter is a multicellular organism with differentiated somatic and germ lines and with oogamous sexual reproduction [53]. However, their sets of Rab genes are exactly the same (Tab.…”

Section: Cell Biological Implications Of the Varying Rab Complement Imentioning

confidence: 94%

Contrasting patterns in the evolution of the Rab GTPase family in Archaeplastida

Petrželková

Eliáš

2014

Acta Soc Bot Pol

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Rab GTPases are a vast group of proteins serving a role of master regulators in membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Previous studies delineated some 23 Rab and Rab-like paralogs ancestral for eukaryotes and mapped their current phylogenetic distribution, but the analyses relied on a limited sampling of the eukaryotic diversity. Taking advantage of the recent growth of genome and transcriptome resources for phylogenetically diverse plants and algae, we reanalyzed the evolution of the Rab family in eukaryotes with the primary plastid, collectively constituting the presumably monophyletic supergroup Archaeplastida. Our most important novel findings are as follows: (i) the ancestral set of Rabs in Archaeplastida included not only the paralogs Rab1, Rab2, Rab5, Rab6, Rab7, Rab8, Rab11, Rab18, Rab23, Rab24, Rab28, IFT27, and RTW (=Rabl2), as suggested previously, but also Rab14 and Rab34, because Rab14 exists in glaucophytes and Rab34 is present in glaucophytes and some green algae; (ii) except in embryophytes, Rab gene duplications have been rare in Archaeplastida. Most notable is the independent emergence of divergent, possibly functionally novel, in-paralogs of Rab1 and Rab11 in several archaeplastidial lineages; (iii) recurrent gene losses have been a significant factor shaping Rab gene complements in archaeplastidial species; for example, the Rab21 paralog was lost at least six times independently within Archaeplastida, once in the lineage leading to the "core" eudicots; (iv) while the glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa has retained the highest number of ancestral Rab paralogs among all archaeplastidial species studied so far, rhodophytes underwent an extreme reduction of the Rab gene set along their stem lineage, resulting in only six paralogs (Rab1, Rab2, Rab6, Rab7, Rab11, and Rab18) present in modern red algae. Especially notable is the absence of Rab5, a virtually universal paralog essential for the endocytic pathway, suggesting that endocytosis has been highly reduced or rewired in rhodophytes.

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“…Bikont evolution is thought to have proceeded from green flagellates, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Jékeley ), and further on via complex Charophyta‐related algae (McCourt et al. ; Úmen ) to angiosperms (flowering plants) (Magallón et al. ).…”

Section: Basic Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Cell Biology of Proteins from Protists to Humans and Plants

Plattner

2017

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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During evolution, the cell as a fine-tuned machine had to undergo permanent adjustments to match changes in its environment, while "closed for repair work" was not possible. Evolution from protists (protozoa and unicellular algae) to multicellular organisms may have occurred in basically two lineages, Unikonta and Bikonta, culminating in mammals and angiosperms (flowering plants), respectively. Unicellular models for unikont evolution are myxamoebae (Dictyostelium) and increasingly also choanoflagellates, whereas for bikonts, ciliates are preferred models. Information accumulating from combined molecular database search and experimental verification allows new insights into evolutionary diversification and maintenance of genes/proteins from protozoa on, eventually with orthologs in bacteria. However, proteins have rarely been followed up systematically for maintenance or change of function or intracellular localization, acquirement of new domains, partial deletion (e.g. of subunits), and refunctionalization, etc. These aspects are discussed in this review, envisaging "evolutionary cell biology." Protozoan heritage is found for most important cellular structures and functions up to humans and flowering plants. Examples discussed include refunctionalization of voltage-dependent Ca 2+

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Green Algae and the Origins of Multicellularity in the Plant Kingdom

Cited by 121 publications

References 240 publications

Complex multicellularity in fungi: evolutionary convergence, single origin, or both?

Complex multicellularity in fungi: evolutionary convergence, single origin, or both?

Contrasting patterns in the evolution of the Rab GTPase family in Archaeplastida

Evolutionary Cell Biology of Proteins from Protists to Humans and Plants

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