Green and efficient synthesis of 1H‐indazolo[1,2‐b] phthalazine‐1,6,11(13H)‐triones using ZrO(NO₃)₂.2H₂O as a novel catalyst and theoretical study of synthesized compounds

Abstract

The one‐pot three‐component synthesis for the preparation of 1H‐indazolo[1,2‐b] phthalazine‐1,6,11(13H)‐triones through condensation of phthalimide, hydrazine monohydrate, dimedone, and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of a novel catalytic amount of ZrO(NO3)2.2H2O at reflux conditions in water has been reported. Quantum theoretical calculations for the three structures of compounds (5a, 5b, and 5c) were performed using the G3MP2, LC‐ωPBE, MP2, and B3LYP methods with the 6‐311 + G** basis set. After optimizing the structures, geometric parameters were obtained and experimental measurements were compared with the calculated data. The structures of the products were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. IR spectra data and 1H NMR and 13C NMR chemical shifts computations of the 1H‐indazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐1,6,11(13H)‐trione derivatives in the ground state were calculated. Frontier molecular orbitals, total density of states, thermodynamic parameters, and molecular electrostatic potentials of the title compounds were investigated by theoretical calculations. Molecular properties such as the ionization potential (I), electron affinity (A), chemical hardness (η), electronic chemical potential (μ), and electrophilicity (ω) were investigated for the structures. Consequently, there was an excellent agreement between experimental and theoretical results.