Green and golden seaweed tides on the rise

Smetacek, Victor; Zingone, Adriana

doi:10.1038/nature12860

Cited by 730 publications

(450 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Although in general macroalgae blooms worldwide have increased due to coastal eutrophication (Smetacek and Zingone, 2013), for a particular region many factors can play a role. Among all environmental factors that could possibly influence Ulva amount, the following have been well documented by a number of studies: seaweed aquaculture size and production (which may determine the amount of Ulva initially released to the ocean), temperature, light, wind, and nutrient availability (Liu et al, 2009Hu et al, 2010;Keesing et al, 2011;Xing et al, 2015b).…”

Section: Factors Leading To Annual Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term trend of Ulva prolifera blooms in the western Yellow Sea

Xing

et al. 2016

Harmful Algae

126

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Section: Factors Leading To Annual Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term trend of Ulva prolifera blooms in the western Yellow Sea

Xing

et al. 2016

Harmful Algae

126

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“…It was suggested that one of the main processes of carbon sequestration by seaweed beds is transfer of the drifting seaweeds (i.e., Macrocystis, Durvillaea, Eisenia, Ecklonia, and Sargassum) before sinking to benthic habitats and the offshore mesopelagic zone (Harrold et al 1998;Ito et al 2009;Fraser et al 2011). Some species of seaweeds can be transported to new areas far from their origin (e.g., Sargassum in the Sargasso Sea) and can substantially increase their biomass in a free-floating stage, with a tendency to rapidly sink to the deep sea floor, which makes it much more efficient vehicle to carbon sequestration (Johnson and Richardson 1977;Smetacek and Zingone 2013). Thalli are eroded and dislodged whole kelp thalli form rafts on the ocean surface (Hobday 2000;Xu et al 2016) and these are deposited as wrack along shorelines, inshore subtidal habitats, and canyons (Vetter and Dayton 1998;Orr et al 2005;Wernberg et al 2006;Crawley et al 2009).…”

Section: Seaweeds and Sabs Capabilities In Co 2 Sequestrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon dioxide mitigation potential of seaweed aquaculture beds (SABs)

et al. 2016

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Seaweed aquaculture beds (SABs) that support the production of seaweed and their diverse products, cover extensive coastal areas, especially in the Asian-Pacific region, and provide many ecosystem services such as nutrient removal and CO 2 assimilation. The use of SABs in potential carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) mitigation efforts has been proposed with commercial seaweed production in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam, and is at a nascent stage in Australia and New Zealand. We attempted to consider the total annual potential of SABs to drawdown and fix anthropogenic CO 2 . In the last decade, seaweed production has increased tremendously in the Asian-Pacific region. In 2014, the total annual production of Asian-Pacific SABs surpassed 2.61 × 10 6 t dw. Total carbon accumulated annually was more than 0.78 × 10 6 t y −1 , equivalent to over 2.87 × 10 6 t CO 2 y −1 . By increasing the area available for SABs, biomass production, carbon accumulation, and CO 2 drawdown can be enhanced. The conversion of biomass to biofuel can reduce the use of fossil fuels and provide additional mitigation of CO 2 emissions. Contributions

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“…Satellite imagery analysis shows that there were negligible floating macroalgae between 2000 and 2007 (Hu et al 2010). Massive algal blooms occurred in 2008 (3489 km 2 ) in the open waters of Yellow Sea, and since then the macroalgal blooms have become an annual summer event with increasing spatial and temporal scale, with the 2013 event reportedly reaching a record level (Smetacek and Zingone 2013). In 2008, the world's largest green tide caused aquaculture losses of about 130 million USD, and costs for the emergency response to the green tide, before the 2008 Beijing Olympic games in Qingdao, were estimated to be 320 million USD (Ye et al 2011).…”

Section: Shift To Macroalgae-dominant Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nutrient deposited in sediment following degradation of dead seaweeds can be returned to the surface by vertical mixing, which forms the sediment nutrient pool available for algal growth. As a result, seaweed can continue to proliferate and maintain a eutrophic state, even if nutrient input level is reduced substantially (Yabe et al 2009;Smetacek and Zingone 2013).…”

Section: Shift To Macroalgae-dominant Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has been observed in the Baltic Sea where research revealed that declines in predatory fish promoted blooms of macroalgae with cascading effects down the food web (Eriksson et al 2009). Additionally, macroalgal blooms could strengthen hypoxic conditions which in turn further degrade the coastal ecosystems (Smetacek and Zingone 2013).…”

Section: Synergistic Effects and Cascading Shiftsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regime shifts and resilience in China’s coastal ecosystems

Zhang

2015

Ambio

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Regime shift often results in large, abrupt, and persistent changes in the provision of ecosystem services and can therefore have significant impacts on human wellbeing. Understanding regime shifts has profound implications for ecosystem recovery and management. China's coastal ecosystems have experienced substantial deterioration within the past decades, at a scale and speed the world has never seen before. Yet, information about this coastal ecosystem change from a dynamics perspective is quite limited. In this review, I synthesize existing information on coastal ecosystem regime shifts in China and discuss their interactions and cascading effects. The accumulation of regime shifts in China's coastal ecosystems suggests that the desired system resilience has been profoundly eroded, increasing the potential of abrupt shifts to undesirable states at a larger scale, especially given multiple escalating pressures. Policy and management strategies need to incorporate resilience approaches in order to cope with future challenges and avoid major losses in China's coastal ecosystem services.

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Green and golden seaweed tides on the rise

Cited by 730 publications

References 35 publications

Long-term trend of Ulva prolifera blooms in the western Yellow Sea

Long-term trend of Ulva prolifera blooms in the western Yellow Sea

Carbon dioxide mitigation potential of seaweed aquaculture beds (SABs)

Regime shifts and resilience in China’s coastal ecosystems

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