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Phenolic acids are abundant biomass feedstock that can be derived from the processing of lignin or other byproducts from agro-industrial waste. Although phenolic acids such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, and ferulic acid can be used directly in various applications, their value can be significantly increased when they are further modified to high value-added compounds. This review summarizes and discusses the new advances in cell-free and whole-cell biocatalysis technologies for reactions important for conversion of phenolic acids including esterification, decarboxylation, amination, halogenation, hydroxylation, and ring-breakage reactions. The products of these reactions are useful for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, fragrance, and polymer industries. Production of phenolic acids is sustainable, and these processes for their biotransformation are clean technologies that do not produce toxic waste and use less energy than conventional physical and chemical methods. Thus, biotransformation of phenolic acids provides an economically viable and sustainable means for producing useful materials for society.
Phenolic acids are abundant biomass feedstock that can be derived from the processing of lignin or other byproducts from agro-industrial waste. Although phenolic acids such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, and ferulic acid can be used directly in various applications, their value can be significantly increased when they are further modified to high value-added compounds. This review summarizes and discusses the new advances in cell-free and whole-cell biocatalysis technologies for reactions important for conversion of phenolic acids including esterification, decarboxylation, amination, halogenation, hydroxylation, and ring-breakage reactions. The products of these reactions are useful for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, fragrance, and polymer industries. Production of phenolic acids is sustainable, and these processes for their biotransformation are clean technologies that do not produce toxic waste and use less energy than conventional physical and chemical methods. Thus, biotransformation of phenolic acids provides an economically viable and sustainable means for producing useful materials for society.
Scheme1.The C 1 -catalyzed reaction thatg enerates FMNH À for monooxygenase-catalyzed reactions.The NADH-regenerating systemm ightb e, for example, glucose/glucose dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate/glucose 6phosphate dehydrogenase, [41,42] or formate/formate dehydrogenase. [43,44] The monooxygenases mightb e, for example, C 2 or bacterialluciferase. Figure 6. Distances between A58/P58 and I14:A )int he wild type, and B) in the A58P variant over 6nsM Ds imulation,a ttemperatures varying from 300-500 K. The interactions between A58/P58 of C) the wild type, and D) the A58P variant and other residues after 6-ns MD simulations.
By means of biorefinery, biogas production through anaerobic digestion is one of the most common treatments of wastewater in the palm oil industry. After biogas production, the treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) is generally discharged into the environment. However, certain level of hazardous compounds still exists in the treated wastewater, which can lead to the pollution of water bodies. In this study, we have investigated the dynamics of volatile organic acids dwelling in consecutive POME treatment lagoons as well as identified, and categorized, microbial species responsible for the treatment process. Bacteria and methanogens, both hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic, related to methane production were identified using mcrA and 16S rRNA genes specific primers. Two hydrogenotrophic methanogens, Methanoculleus marisnigri and Methanoculleus chikugoensis, were found abundant in accordance with high formate concentration throughout the process of anaerobic digestion. This study has also isolated eight consortia of microbes that yielded different methane productions by utilizing formate as the substrate in the synthetic medium. The consortia of a group, containing M. marisnigri, M. chikugoensis, uncultured bacteria, Aminobacterium sp., and Ruminobacillus xylanolyticum, produced the highest methane yield of 259 mL/g COD after 25 days of incubation in the laboratory. The findings from this study are contributing to optimize and increase biogas production in POME, which will allow higher efficiency in palm oil mill wastewater treatment.
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