Green and yellow vegetables can maintain body stores of vitamin A in Chinese children

Tang, Guangwen; Gu, Xiu Fang; Hu, Shan Ming; Xu, Qing Mei; Qin, Jian Xin; Dolnikowski, Gregory; Fjeld, Carla R.; Gao, Xiang; Russell, Robert M.; Yin, Shi An

doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.6.1069

Cited by 106 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Conventional plant-based foods that contain a large number of essential nutrients (that is, vitamin, mineral, minor element) are all absolutely necessary for children growth and development. Furthermore, they can maintain body stores of vitamin A in children (Tang et al, 1999). It suggested that the irrationality of dietary pattern might be the reason why vitamin A deficiency was so common in children in China cities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining 4.5 ml samples were centrifuged at 800 g at ambient temperature for 10 min. Serum was separated, transferred to 1.5 ml Eppenderf tubes and stored at À801C until assayed (Tang et al, 1999). Serum vitamin A level was assessed by microimmunofluorescence (standard preparation was provided by Sigma Co., Sigma-aldrich CHEMIE GmbH, Steinheim, Germany, the instrument was Japan F-3000 spectrofluorometer).…”

Section: Laboratory Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune function of well-nourished children suffering from vitamin A deficiency in China

et al. 2007

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Objective: To clearly clarify the protective effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune function of well-nourished children suffering from vitamin A deficiency. Methods: Three hundred sixty-two children in two kindergartens in Wuhan China were enrolled. Detailed dietary assessment and anthropometry were undertaken to facilitate the exclusion of malnourished children. Seventy vitamin A-deficient children with informed consent were randomly divided into the vitamin A-deficient-supplemented group and vitamin A-deficient placebo group, 35 vitamin A-sufficient children (age-and sex-matched with the vitamin A-deficient-supplemented group children) were selected as vitamin A-sufficient placebo group. The baseline and follow-up level of selected immune parameters of the 105 children in three intervention groups were compared. Results: The total proportion of severe and marginal vitamin A-deficient children was 10.9 and 21.96%, respectively. At baseline, the serum complement C3 and sIgA level of vitamin A-sufficient children was significantly higher than that of vitamin A-deficient children (Po0.05). However, the serum lysozyme level of vitamin A-sufficient children was inversely lower. After intervention, vitamin A-deficient-supplemented children increased serum vitamin A, complement C3 and sIgA level, but their serum lysozyme level inversely decreased. Conclusions: Vitamin A deficiency was still a serious health problem in children in China cities. Vitamin A supplementation was efficacious in ameliorating serum vitamin A status and partially impaired immune function of well-nourished children suffering from vitamin A deficiency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laboratory Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune function of well-nourished children suffering from vitamin A deficiency in China

et al. 2007

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“…The present randomized controlled trial contributes to the limited existing evidence on the effect of dark-green leafy vegetables, including ALV, on the micronutrient status of children (11,(27)(28)(29) . The ALV used in the study were selected for their potential contribution towards dietary Fe, vitamin A and Zn.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of African leafy vegetables on the micronutrient status of mildly deficient farm-school children in South Africa: a randomized controlled study

Hoeven

Faber

Osei

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effect of African leafy vegetable (ALV) consumption on Fe, Zn and vitamin A status in children. Design: Children were randomly allocated to receive either a 300 g cooked ALV dish and school meal starch (n 86) or the normal school meal (n 81) five times per week for three months. ALV in the dish consisted mainly of Amaranthus cruentus (at least 80 %) and the remainder of Cleome gynandra, Cucurbita maxima or Vigna unguiculata. Nutrient content and consumer acceptance of the ALV dish were also determined. Setting: North West Province, South Africa. Subjects: Grade R to grade 4 children (6-12 years old) of two farm schools. Results: The ALV dish contributed 11·6-15·8 mg Fe and 1·4-3·7 mg Zn. At baseline, prevalence of deficiencies in the intervention group was 16·0 %, 16·3 %, 7·0 % and 75·6 %, respectively, for anaemia (Hb < 11·5 g/dl), Fe (serum ferritin < 15 µg/l), vitamin A (serum retinol < 20 μg/dl) and Zn (serum Zn < 65 μg/dl); and in the control group 10·5 %, 18·5 %, 2·5 % and 75·3 %, respectively. No significant estimated intervention effect was found. Conclusions: This randomized controlled trial showed that ALV were unable to improve serum retinol, serum ferritin or Hb if there are only mild deficiencies present. Furthermore, despite the low Zn status in the study population, ALV consumption did not improve serum Zn concentrations either.

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“…Lutein is especially useful since it is one of the principal carotenoids in foods and the amount in green vegetables is very often quantitatively similar to the amount of β-carotene. 28,29 By comparison with the pure standards, the relative bioavailability of lutein is greater than β-carotene; 30,31 thus a direct inference of β-carotene absorption from the presence of lutein in the plasma cannot necessarily be drawn, but where blood samples contain little or no β-carotene the presence of lutein will indicate that vegetables are being consumed and very probably that all the β-carotene is being converted to retinol and none remains to enter the serum pool. 32 It is generally accepted that there is very little metabolism of the non-provitamin A carotenoids in the gut; therefore lutein can serve as a useful biomarker of vegetable consumption and to assess compliance in vegetable intervention studies.…”

Section: Carotenoids and Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioequivalence of β‐carotene and retinol

Thurnham

2006

J Sci Food Agric

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For many years it was accepted that 6 mg of β-carotene were required to produce 1 mg of vitamin A in the form of retinol. The equivalence was based on the assumptions that two-thirds of dietary β-carotene are not absorbed, while in the metabolism of the remaining third 1 mol of β-carotene is converted to 1 mol retinol. Recently, the bioequivalence was raised to 12 mg β-carotene and 1 mg retinol. The objective of this review was to re-examine the data that were used to support the new equivalence ratio, especially since some of these data were obtained in developing countries where infestation with gut parasites and exposure to other infections is common, yet the influence of inflammation on plasma carotenoid and retinol concentrations is frequently ignored. Bioequivalence studies examined in this review include those done in developing and developed countries, depletion and repletion studies, feeding with vegetable sources of β-carotene or pure supplements, influence of helminths, carotenoid interactions and matrix effects and studies using stable isotopes (SI). SI studies show the bioefficacy of β-carotene conversion to retinol is generally poor even for pure β-carotene unless the dose is small and fed regularly until equilibration is reached. Retinol formation appears to be inversely influenced by previous vitamin A intake, the amount of material given and current vitamin A status. In spite of technical complexities, more SI studies where liver reserves of vitamin A are determined pre and post intervention are needed to evaluate β-carotene bioefficacy of different vegetable sources.

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Green and yellow vegetables can maintain body stores of vitamin A in Chinese children

Abstract: Green-yellow vegetables can provide adequate vitamin A nutrition in the diet of kindergarten children and protect them from becoming vitamin A deficient during seasons when the provitamin A food source is limited.

Cited by 106 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune function of well-nourished children suffering from vitamin A deficiency in China

Effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune function of well-nourished children suffering from vitamin A deficiency in China

Effect of African leafy vegetables on the micronutrient status of mildly deficient farm-school children in South Africa: a randomized controlled study

Bioequivalence of β‐carotene and retinol

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