Green Chemometric Determination of Cefotaxime Sodium in the Presence of Its Degradation Impurities Using Different Multivariate Data Processing Tools; GAPI and AGREE Greenness Evaluation

Abstract

Four eco-friendly, cost-effective, and fast stability-indicating UV-VIS spectrophotometric methods were validated for cefotaxime sodium (CFX) determination either in the presence of its acidic or alkaline degradation products. The applied methods used multivariate chemometry, namely, classical least square (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), partial least square (PLS), and genetic algorithm-partial least square (GA-PLS), to resolve the analytes’ spectral overlap. The spectral zone for the studied mixtures was within the range from 220 to 320 nm at a 1 nm interval. The selected region showed severe overlap in the UV spectra of cefotaxime sodium and its acidic or alkaline degradation products. Seventeen mixtures were used for the models’ construction, and eight were used as an external validation set. For the PLS and GA-PLS models, a number of latent factors were determined as a pre-step before the modelsʹ construction and found to be three for the (CFX/acidic degradants) mixture and two for the (CFX/alkaline degradants) mixture. For GA-PLS, spectral points were minimized to around 45% of the PLS models. The root mean square errors of prediction were found to be (0.19, 0.29, 0.47, and 0.20) for the (CFX/acidic degradants) mixture and (0.21, 0.21, 0.21, and 0.22) for the (CFX/alkaline degradants) mixture for CLS, PCR, PLS, and GA-PLS, respectively, indicating the excellent accuracy and precision of the developed models. The linear concentration range was studied within 12–20 μg mL–1 for CFX in both mixtures. The validity of the developed models was also judged using other different calculated tools such as root mean square error of cross validation, percentage recoveries, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients, which indicated excellent results. The developed methods were also applied to the determination of cefotaxime sodium in marketed vials, with satisfactory results. The results were statistically compared to the reported method, revealing no significant differences. Furthermore, the greenness profiles of the proposed methods were assessed using the GAPI and AGREE metrics.

Developing a highly validated and sensitive HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of cefotaxime and paracetamol in pure and pharmaceutical preparations

“…1 The literature review revealed that several analytical approaches have been utilised in the determination of cefotaxime such as HPLC, UV-VIS spectrophotometric, potientiometry, electrophoresis and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Paracetamol (PAR); N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) acetamide (Fig. 1) is related to a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which acts centrally and peripherally for treatment of non-inflammatory conditions.…”

Toxic Elemental Impurities in Herbal Weight Loss Supplements; A Study Using ICP-OES Microwave-Assisted Digestion

“…The consumption of dietary products might seem safe to the consumer, but it has been sometimes correlated with diseases such as liver injury [ 5 ]. In this regard, it is worth noting that variation in cultivation region, climatic conditions, type of the soil, containments in soil, water and air or even intentional adulteration can result in different impurities in the claimed plant products [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. For instance, herbal cultivated in areas near industries or heavy traffics can accumulate toxic elements such as arsenic and lead [ 12 ].…”

Potentiometric Sensor Arrays Based on Hybrid PFSA/CNTs Membranes for the Analysis of UV-Degraded Drugs

“…This is due to the fact that some side components may greatly affect the safety and effectiveness of drugs. High-performance (HP) liquid chromatography (LC) with UV detection [ 1 , 2 ], reversed-phase HPLC with photodiode array [ 3 , 4 , 5 ], UV [ 6 , 7 ] or fluorescence [ 7 ] detectors, HP thin-layer chromatography with densitometry [ 1 , 2 , 4 ], capillary zone electrophoresis [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], and spectrophotometry combined with chemometrics [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] can be used to control the degradation and purity of drugs. At the same time, there are two main approaches to the analysis.…”

“…In the first case, active ingredients are determined in the presence of side components so that the content of the latter does not influence an analytical signal [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 8 , 11 , 12 ]. The second approach is the simultaneous determination of drug components, including related organic impurities and degradation products [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”