Green Coal: A New Energy Source from Leaves

Abstract

Pollution is a major concern with fossil fuels. Present work would like to discuss a "Green Fuel" produced from waste leaves on the ground; hence it could be considered eco-friendly. The objective is to use leaves (biomass) as raw materials and convert them into solid biofuel briquettes/pellets using roasting process, here shown to be more effective than usual carbonization by using simulation techniques. The reactor optimum design is also discussed. The process flow diagram for densification of roasted leaves starts with the choice of leaves depending on their proximate analysis and their calorific value, after being collected, sun dried and submitted to roasting process. Because of poor energy characteristics, the roasting end product is to be crushed and densified with specific additives chosen for binding the roasted biomass and increases its calorific value. To reduce green gas emissions, the process uses solar energy to heat up the reactor and reach desired temperature for optimal working process. Finally, after processing, the roasted leaves are converted into briquettes by densification process. This fuel is energy efficient and techno economically feasible compared to other primary fuels.

Integrating Green Practices and Environmental Performance; Evidence from Nigeria's SME Sector

“…Thus, hypothesis (H3) was not supported. This is in line with the prior studies whereby it was mentioned that various environmental factors such as customer pressure, green purchasing, external green supply, and competitor pressure have a significant impact on the environmental performance among SMEs [87][88][89][90][91][92]. According to Lin et al [88] and Tiwari [93], environmental factors are the elements of a company's physical, social, and mental surroundings in which the firm lives and operates as it is broken down into three categories: physical, social, and mental.…”

Beech Leaves Briquettes as Fuel for a Home Combustion Unit

“…The potential of different kinds of leaves briquettes was observed before in recent research works of Deepak et al [4] (areca leaves), Khorasgani et al [5] (oak leaves), Anggono et al [6] (amboyna wood leaves), Biswas [7] (sugar cane leaves), Hardianto et al [8] (amboyna pine leaves), Shiferaw et al [9] (eucalyptus globulus leaves residues), Ushakov et al [10] (black poplar leaves), Shuma et al [11] (mopani leaves and sugar cane leaves), Malak et al [12] (willow leaves) and Jittabut [13] (sugarcane leaves). In the mentioned research papers, ultimate and proximate analyses of different types of leaves were made, as well as investigations on the dependence of calorific value on carbonization temperature, physical properties and ignition temperature.…”

Beech leaves briquettes’ and standard briquettes’ combustion: comparison of flue gas composition

“…The potential of usage of different kinds of leaves briquettes was observed in recent research works of Deepak et al [9] (areca leaves), Khorasgani et al [10] (oak leaves), Anggono et al [11] (amboyna wood leaves), Biswas [12] (sugar cane leaves), Hardianto et al [13] (amboyna pine leaves), Shiferaw et al [14] (eucalyptus globulus leaves residues), Ushakov et al [15] (black poplar leaves), Shuma et al [16] (mopani leaves and sugar cane leaves), Malak et al [17] (willow leaves) and Jittabut [18] (sugarcane leaves). In the mentioned research papers, ultimate and proximate analyses of different types of leaves were carried out, as well as investigations on the dependence of calorific value on carbonization temperature, physical properties and ignition temperature.…”