Green conversion of hazardous red mud into diagnostic X-ray shielding tiles

Agrawal, Varsha; Paulose, Rini; Arya, Rahul; Rajak, Gaurav; Giri, Abhishek; Bijanu, Abhijit; Sanghi, Sunil Kumar; Mishra, D. C.; Prasanth, N.; Khare, Anup; Parmar, Varsha; Khan, Mohammed Akram; Bhisikar, Abhay; Srivastava, Avanish Kumar; Salammal, Shabi Thankaraj

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127507

Cited by 39 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…However, the long-term leaching test indicates a potential risk to soil and groundwater [ 68 ]. As has been demonstrated in various studies, it is possible to immobilize heavy metals of solid wastes from wastewater treatment plants [ 4 , 69 ], red sludge from bauxite processing plants [ 70 ], and blast furnace slag [ 71 – 73 ] in the structure of glass [ 74 ], glass ceramics [ 75 ], and ceramic materials [ 76 ]. Likewise, introducing fly ash to ceramic production is a potential solution to lock the heavy metals of fly ash in the ceramic network.…”

Section: Properties Of Coal-fired Power Plant Fly Ashmentioning

confidence: 99%

Firing-Associated Recycling of Coal-Fired Power Plant Fly Ash

Minh

Pham

Tung

et al. 2023

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

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Coal-fired power plant fly ash is a global environmental concern due to its small particle size, heavy metal content, and increased emissions. Although widely used in concrete, geopolymer, and fly ash brick production, a large amount of fly ash remains in storage sites or is used in landfills due to inadequate raw material quality, resulting in a waste of a recoverable resource. Therefore, the ongoing need is to develop new methods for recycling fly ash. The present review differentiates the physiochemical properties of fly ash from two coal combustion processes: fluidized bed combustion and pulverized coal combustion. It then discusses applications that can consume fly ash without strict chemical requirements, focusing on firing-associated methods. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of fly ash recycling are discussed.

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Section: Properties Of Coal-fired Power Plant Fly Ashmentioning

confidence: 99%

Firing-Associated Recycling of Coal-Fired Power Plant Fly Ash

Minh

Pham

Tung

et al. 2023

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

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“…Gamma photon interacts through photoelectric, Compton scattering, and pair production depending on the energy of the photon and atomic number (Z) of material 3,12 . Conventionally, high Z metals like lead, barium, tungsten, bismuth, gadolinium, and their composites, and concretes are used 12–14 . But they are either quite heavy, toxic, rigid, lack of flexibility, and chemical stability 3 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,12 Conventionally, high Z metals like lead, barium, tungsten, bismuth, gadolinium, and their composites, and concretes are used. [12][13][14] But they are either quite heavy, toxic, rigid, lack of flexibility, and chemical stability. 3 Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and can easily travel through an electromagnetic medium or electron cloud in an atom without any interaction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible, chemically bonded bismuth/tungsten‐based polyvinyl alcohol‐polyvinyl pyrrolidone composite for gamma and neutron shielding application

Bijanu,

Arya,

Rajak

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this paper, the gamma and neutron shielding behavior of chemically bonded high atomic number (Z), tungsten trioxide‐polyvinyl alcohol‐polyvinylpyrrolidone (PW), and bismuth oxide‐polyvinyl alcohol‐polyvinylpyrrolidone (PB) composites were reported at varying thickness. The PW and PB composites were prepared through the dissolution technique rather than the commonly used dispersion technique. The gamma and neutron attenuation characteristics of the composites were studied using 22Na (0.511 and 1.274 MeV energy) and 252Cf (0–10 MeV energy) sources, respectively. The half value layer of PW and PB composite was found to be 61.22 ± 0.914 mm and 48.29 ± 1.52 mm and the linear attenuation coefficient was found to be 0.115 and 0.144 cm−1 at 0.511 MeV, respectively. Further, the experimental gamma‐ray attenuation results were validated theoretically using Phy‐X software and found to be well in agreement with the experimental data. Both the composites also showed similar neutron shielding behavior when compared to the commercially used high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The developed composites possess good mechanical properties as they did not show any cracks or wrinkles after undergoing 5400 bending cycles during the flex test, showing their high durability of flexibility. Thus, these composites are found to be suitable for shielding both, the gamma‐rays and neutrons.

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“…RM mainly comprises fine particles, such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), sodium (Na), and rare earth elements [ 4 ]. The recovery of metals from RM has become the focus of research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Method of Synthesizing Polymeric Aluminum Ferric Sulfate Flocculant and Preparing Red Mud-Based Ceramsite

Zhen,

He,

Wang

et al. 2024

Materials

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A synthetic flocculant of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) extracted from red mud (RM) has been widely used in sewage treatment, while the remaining RM residue has been ignored. This study aimed to synthesize polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate (PAFS) flocculant from RM by acid leaching and then use the acidified RM residue to produce an acid RM-based ceramsite (ARMC) by mixing bentonite, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and starch. Our results showed that sintering, reaction temperature, H2SO4 concentration, reaction time, and liquid-to-solid ratio had an obvious effect on the leaching of Al and Fe in RM, which was a necessary prerequisite for the efficient PAFS flocculants. At a PAFS dosage of 60 mg/L, turbidity and phosphate removal rates were 95.21 ± 0.64% and 89.17 ± 0.52%, respectively. When the pH value was 8.0, the turbidity and phosphate removal efficiency were 99.22 ± 0.66% and 95.98 ± 1.63%, respectively. Considering the adsorption capacity and mechanical properties, the best conditions for ARMC production included using 60% ARM and ceramsite calcination at 600 °C, with the BET surface area 56.16 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.167 cm3/g. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that 400 °C was a reasonable preheating temperature to enhance the ARMC mechanical strength, as this temperature allows the removal of surface-adsorbed and constituent water. Under a scanning electron microscope, the ARMC appeared rough before adsorption, while relatively uniform pores occupied it after adsorption. Our conclusion will help to improve the zero-waste strategy of RM and speed up the industrial production of RM in flocculants as well as utilizing ARMC as a new type of adsorbent for phosphorus adsorption in sewage treatment.

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Green conversion of hazardous red mud into diagnostic X-ray shielding tiles

Cited by 39 publications

References 59 publications

Firing-Associated Recycling of Coal-Fired Power Plant Fly Ash

Firing-Associated Recycling of Coal-Fired Power Plant Fly Ash

Flexible, chemically bonded bismuth/tungsten‐based polyvinyl alcohol‐polyvinyl pyrrolidone composite for gamma and neutron shielding application

A Novel Method of Synthesizing Polymeric Aluminum Ferric Sulfate Flocculant and Preparing Red Mud-Based Ceramsite

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