Green Extraction of Metallic Bismuth from Bismuth Sulfide Concentrate via Reductive Sulfur-Fixed Smelting

Abstract

A novel technology for clean and efficient extraction of metallic bismuth from bismuth sulfide concentrates is proposed: reductive sulfur-fixed smelting. The reaction mechanisms of metallic bismuth extraction and elemental sulfur immobilization are revealed by thermodynamic calculations and phase characterization. Under the reducing atmosphere, Bi 2 S 3 reacts with Fe 2 O 3 and Na 2 CO 3 to produce metallic Bi, and the element S is transferred and immobilized into the FeS and Na 2 S phases, thus effectively eliminating the generation of low-concentration sulfur-containing flue gas. Controlling the mass ratio of charge as