Green fabrication of pore-modulated carbon aerogels using a biological template for high-energy density supercapacitors

Abstract

Pore modulation of carbon structures with low cost is of great importance for promoting the large-scale application of advanced supercapacitors. Herein, we innovatively propose a method for the directional preparation...

Ammonium persulfate assisted synthesis of ant-nest-like hierarchical porous carbons derived from chitosan for high-performance supercapacitors and zinc-ion hybrid capacitors

“…The two-electrode system calculation methods of the C (F g −1 ), power density (W kg −1 ), and energy density (W h kg −1 ) of the supercapacitor are consistent with ref. 15. The ZIHC calculation methods of the C g (F g −1 ), power density (W kg −1 ), and energy density (W h kg −1 ) of the supercapacitors are consistent with ref.…”

“…The three-electrode system calculation method of the specific capacitance ( C s , F g −1 ) is consistent with ref. 15. The two-electrode system calculation methods of the C (F g −1 ), power density (W kg −1 ), and energy density (W h kg −1 ) of the supercapacitor are consistent with ref.…”

“…6–9 Biomass wastes possess the advantages of wide availability, sustainability, renewability, distinctive structures, and cost-effectiveness, and can be employed as excellent precursors for producing porous carbons. 10–15 The variety of structures found in porous carbons obtained from biomass wastes allows for a variety of applications, including in water treatment, hydrogen storage, electrochemical energy storage, dye-sensitized solar cells, and carbon dioxide extraction. 16–19…”

“…It has been found that these properties promote self-assembly of the porous carbons, forming an interconnected structure, exhibiting larger surface areas and superior electrochemical properties, compared to porous carbons lacking these traits. 5,25,33 For example, Wang et al 15 synthesized chitosan-derived porous carbons using acetic acid (HAc) as a crosslinking agent and mantis shrimp shell ash as a biological template, followed by KOH activation. The as-synthesized porous carbons exhibit a specific capacity of 401 F g −1 (0.5 A g −1 ) in a three-electrode system and retain 97.3% capacity after 10 000 cycles at 5 A g −1 in the supercapacitors.…”

“…The inadequate specific surface areas and porosity, and deficient heteroatom retention, lead to suboptimal electrochemical performance in supercapacitors during high-rate and long-cycle operations. 6–15,35–37 The practical achievement of hundreds of thousands of cycles is still challenging, and it has been reported that the service life of carbon-based devices rarely exceeds 200 000 cycles, especially at high current rates. 38 How to increase the active sites of chitosan to increase the crosslinking degree, to effectively prepare chitosan-derived porous carbons with enhanced electrochemical performance, is still a great and critical challenge.…”