Green Internet of Vehicles: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, and Applications

Abstract

With the development of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and the gradual maturity of 5th Generation Mobile Networks (5G) technology, the further development of the IoV highly relies on network energy and resources. However, basic methods of researching new energy or improving equipment result in high cost. This article focuses on researching how to minimize energy consumption and maximize resource utilization with the constraints of existing environment and equipment. We jointly discuss 5G technology, mobile edge computing and deep reinforcement learning in green IoV. We also discuss how to make rational use of resources to realize the sustainable development of IoV. By classifying and comparing the existing researches according to different emphases, the energy consumption can be managed effectively with the above-mentioned technologies. Finally, we analyze the possible research directions and challenges in the future.INDEX TERMS Green Internet of Vehicles, 5G, mobile edge computing, deep reinforcement learning.

5G Networks Towards Smart and Sustainable Cities: A Review of Recent Developments, Applications and Future Perspectives

“…Bluetooth. These technologies assist the drivers in avoiding collisions (SDG 3 -good health), enhance the required safety of the road (SDG 3 -good health), increase the traffic efficiency and save energy (SDG 7 -renewable energy) [22], [23]. Green Internet of vehicles (IoV) was introduced in [23] and the authors focused on minimizing the energy consumption (SDG 7 -renewable energy) and maximizing resource utilization taking into consideration the existing environment.…”

“…These technologies assist the drivers in avoiding collisions (SDG 3 -good health), enhance the required safety of the road (SDG 3 -good health), increase the traffic efficiency and save energy (SDG 7 -renewable energy) [22], [23]. Green Internet of vehicles (IoV) was introduced in [23] and the authors focused on minimizing the energy consumption (SDG 7 -renewable energy) and maximizing resource utilization taking into consideration the existing environment. The technologies used for 5G enabled green IoV were highlighted, such as the device-to-device (D2D), machineto-machine (M2M), NFV, SDN, self-organizing networks (SON) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) [23].…”

Edge-Cloud Computing and Artificial Intelligence in Internet of Medical Things: Architecture, Technology and Application

“…The calculator system proposed in [73] can make full and effective use of the computing resources of edge nodes to obtain valuable data information in real time. In addition, edge computing can be divided into Moving Edge Computing (MEC) [74], [75], Micro Cloud Computing (MCC) and fog computing. Among them, MEC is also called multi-access edge computing.…”

SDN-Enabled 3C Resource Integration in Green Internet of Electrical Vehicles

“…To solve the abovementioned issues, we construct a task migration framework integrating heterogeneous resources and propose a distributed Task cOoperative migration Policy Integrating 3C resources (TOPIC) based on Imitation Learning (IL) [2] to maximize the obtained Quality of Service (QoS). The main contributions are summarized as follows: (1) We construct an SDN-enhanced intelligent, cooperative task migration framework and formulate the optimization problem; (2) We design a distributed ILbased cooperative task migration policy, TOPIC, to make a trade-off between rent and the obtained service rate; (3) The efficiencies of our proposed policy has been validated with the datasets of Hangzhou (China), compared with representative policies.…”

“…Considering the deterioration of the ecological environment and the shortage of energy, Electric Vehicles (EVs), utilizing renewable energy [1], are gradually occupying the vehicular market. However, the contradiction between users' requirements and EVs' limited resources in the latency-sensitive scenario with energy constraints is still one of the thorniest issues to be solved.…”