Green manure production of Azolla microphylla and Sesbania rostrata and their long-term effects on rice yields and soil fertility

Ventura, W.; Watanabe, Iwao

doi:10.1007/bf00337207

Cited by 49 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The data obtained indicate a similar efficiency of labelled urea and labelled Azolla as N sources, which may be attributed to the rapid mineralization of A. pinnata in flooded rice soils (Watanabe et al 1991b;Ventura and Watanabe 1993). The results obtained also suggest that Azolla N and urea N were equally available and effective on rice (Sisworo et al 1990;Rosenani and Chulan 1992).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Estimation of nitrogen fixation in anAzolla-rice association using the nitrogen-15 isotope dilution technique

Galal

1997

Biol Fert Soils

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The ISN isotope dilution technique was used for the quantification of N2 fixation by Azolla spp. and the availability of Azolla-N and urea-N to rice plants. Nitrogen released from labelled urea and Azolla spp., added individually or as a mixture, was estimated in both normal and sterilized soils. A total of 40 mg N kg -1 soil as urea, Azolla spp. and a combination of Azolla spp. and urea were applied to rice plants grown in pots. On the basis of overall soil conditions, percentage 15N recovery by rice, dry matter yield and N-uptake increases after A. pinnata incorporation were similar to those obtained from urea. The proportion of N uptake by rice plants derived from urea (%NdfU) or Azolla (%NdfAz) was identical for the treatments which received the same N rate from both sources.Incorporation of 15N-labelled A. pinnata into the soil gave an 15N recovery by rice (shoots and roots) of 40% and 24%, for the sterilized and normal soil, respectively. Nitrogen derived from A. pinnata (%NdfAz) ranged from 29% to 43% when 15N urea and unlabelled Azolla were applied. A highly significant correlation (r=-0.99) was found between NdfAz and the dry mass of shoots and roots of rice. A similar correlation was recorded between NdfAz and total N uptake by wetland rice.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Estimation of nitrogen fixation in anAzolla-rice association using the nitrogen-15 isotope dilution technique

Galal

1997

Biol Fert Soils

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“…It grows fast after inoculation in rice fields, and it amounted to 10,100-19,600 kg FW ha-' when it was inoculated 2 1 d before transplanting (fallow conditions), and to 6,100-19,400 kg FW for 27 d when inoculated at the time of transplanting (paddy conditions) in a Laguna rice field, the Philippines (Lales and Marte 1986). Similar high yields of Azollu were recorded in a Cuttack rice field, India (992-2,300 kg DW ha-' ;Singh 1979;Singh and Singh 1986), in IRRI rice fields (900-3,000 kg DW ha-'; Watanabe 1981Watanabe , 1982Ventura and Watanabe 1993) and in American rice fields (1,100-2,300 kg DW ha-'; Talley and Rains 1980a, b). In general, the standing biomass tended to be higher for Azollu filiculoides than Azollu pinnutu, which was attributed to the upward growth of A .…”

Section: Chl-a L-' (Mean Value 128 Pgsupporting

confidence: 70%

Populations, Community Composition and Biomass of Aquatic Organisms in the Floodwater of Rice Fields and Effects of Field Management

Kimura

2005

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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As rice fields are managed for improved rice production, many studies on aquatic organisms in the floodwater have been restricted to agronomically important members such as bluegreen algae (BGA) and Azollu, and ecological studies on common aquatic organisms were relatively limited to specific group members. In the present paper, studies on all the aquatic organisms in the floodwater, from protozoa to insects and fishes, were reviewed worldwide from the viewpoint of rice field ecology, paying attention to their populations, seasonal variations, antagonistic relations and biomass, and the effect of field management. Most studies conducted in India and in the Southeast Asian countries dealt with the BGA and green algal populations. In contrast, protozoa and aquatic animals were extensively studied in rice fields in Europe. Japanese studies in the past were intermediate between the previously cited studies. They generally described specific groups depending on the authors' interests, and surprisingly few studies dealt with the community level and prey-predator relationships. Field management such as fertilizer and pesticide application, water management and plowing was found to play a major role in determining the populations of aquatic organisms. Overview of research on aquatic organisms in the floodwater of rice fields suggests several directions for future studies.Key Words: aquatic organisms, biomass, community, floodwater, population, rice field.Rice fields are maintained under flooded conditions during most stages of rice cultivation. Flooding of the fields results in several advantages for rice production: (1) it provides a continuous water supply to paddy rice; (2) it changes the adverse pH conditions of alkaline and acidic soils toward a neutral or slightly acidic pH; (3) it decreases the incidence of soil sickness and outbreaks of soil-borne diseases; (4) it depresses weed growth, especially of C,-type grasses; ( 5 ) it promotes biological N, fixation; (6) irrigation water supplies nutrients such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Si and S; and (7) rice fields act as water reservoirs and prevent soil erosion . Oxygen supply from the atmosphere through the floodwater layer cannot meet the active consumption of oxygen by soil microorganisms in the plow layer, resulting in making most part of the plow layer reductive. When the field is flooded, since only a few mm of the surface of the plow layer remain under oxic conditions, the habitats for higher forms of life are limited to the floodwater, the shallow surface of the plow layer and probably the rice root area (rhizosphere). In general, irrigated rice fields are maintained under drained conditions after rice is harvested. Rainfed rice fields also remain under drained conditions during the dry season. Thus, aquatic organisms lose their growth habitats for a certain period of time in rice fields every year. The succession of aquatic organisms in irrigated rice fields starts at the time of flooding and ends when the floodwater is drained at the time of harvest every year.Historic...

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“…A green manure is therefore used primarily as a soil amendment and a nutrient source for subsequent crops [3]. The green manure has an advantage over other organic manures in that it can be grown directly in the field and can be incorporated during land preparation or regular weeding operation [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributions of Short Duration Legume Fallow to Maize (Zea mays L.) Varieties Under Different Nitrogen Levels in a Semi-Arid Environment

Adesoji¹

2013

AJEA

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Aims:To evaluate the contributions of short duration legume fallow to maize (Zea mays L.) varieties under different nitrogen levels in a semi-arid environment of Nigeria. Study Design: Split-plot design. Place and Duration: This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, during rainy seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2007. Methodology: The treatments consisted of two maize varieties (SAMMAZ 12 and SAMMAZ 27) and five rates of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120kg N ha -1 ) in the main plots, while three green manure crops (Lablab (Lablab purpureus), Mucuna (Mucuna pruriens)and Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)) and a weedy fallow were accommodated in the sub-plots. The treatments were laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The green manure crops were incorporated at 49 days (7weeks) after planting. After 3 days of incorporation, maize seeds were planted. Results: SAMMAZ 12 and SAMMAZ 27 were similar on grain yield and most of the yield components studied. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased yield components and Research ArticleAmerican Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3(3): [542][543][544][545][546][547][548][549][550][551][552][553][554][555][556] 2013 543 grain yield. In combined mean, application of 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha -1 gave 81.4, 127.2, 151.6 and 165.5% increases in maize grain yield over zero N treatment, respectively. Increasing N rate beyond 90 kg N ha -1 did not significantly increased maize grain yield. Incorporation of mucuna, lablab and soybean significantly increased yield components and grain yield. In combined mean, incorporation of mucuna, lablab and soybean gave 68.8, 73.7 and 59.4% increases in maize grain yield over weedy fallow, respectively. Conclusion: Although, application of nitrogen gave marked increases in maize grain yield as did green manure, however, incorporation of short duration legume, which is environmentally friendly and a soil improver, will be a better option for sustainable maize production in northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.

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Green manure production of Azolla microphylla and Sesbania rostrata and their long-term effects on rice yields and soil fertility

Cited by 49 publications

References 12 publications

Estimation of nitrogen fixation in anAzolla-rice association using the nitrogen-15 isotope dilution technique

Estimation of nitrogen fixation in anAzolla-rice association using the nitrogen-15 isotope dilution technique

Populations, Community Composition and Biomass of Aquatic Organisms in the Floodwater of Rice Fields and Effects of Field Management

Contributions of Short Duration Legume Fallow to Maize (Zea mays L.) Varieties Under Different Nitrogen Levels in a Semi-Arid Environment

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