Green Microalgae Scenedesmus Obliquus Utilization for the Adsorptive Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) from Water Samples

Abstract

In view of the valorisation of the green microalga Scenedesmus obliquus biomass, it was used for the biosorption of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, namely salicylic acid and ibuprofen, from water. Microalgae biomass was characterized, namely by the determination of the point of zero charge (pHPZC), by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis, simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Kinetic and equilibrium batch experiments were carried out and results were found to fit the pseudo-second order equation and the Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The Langmuir maximum capacity determined for salicylic acid (63 mg g−1) was larger than for ibuprofen (12 mg g−1), which was also verified for a commercial activated carbon used as reference (with capacities of 250 and 147 mg g−1, respectively). For both pharmaceuticals, the determination of thermodynamic parameters allowed us to infer that adsorption onto microalgae biomass was spontaneous, favourable and exothermic. Furthermore, based on the biomass characterization after adsorption and energy associated with the process, it was deduced that the removal of salicylic acid and ibuprofen by Scenedesmus obliquus biomass occurred by physical interaction.

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“…The broad peak at 3440 1/cm corresponds to the presence of -OH groups, the peaks at 2925 and 2958 1/cm correspond to the stretching of the C-H bonds, the peaks from 1395–1460 1/cm corresponds to the bending vibration of CH 2 and CH 3 groups, and symmetrical stretching of the C=O group in the formation of carboxyl (-COOH). The peak around 1253 1/cm corresponds to organic phosphates [ 21 , 22 ].…”

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“…However, the removal capacity that some of these sorbents have is far from that achieved with commercial sorbents such as activated carbon. Although the comparison data are scarce, the values obtained indicate the need to search for biomaterials with greater capacity-for example, the biomass of Scenedesmus obliquus had a maximum removal capacity of salicylic acid and ibuprofen of 63 and 11.9 mg/g, respectively; instead in the same conditions, activated carbon had 250 and 147 mg/g [144].…”

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“…FTIR analysis contributes to the explanation of biosorption mechanism through the description of their functional group. The presence of secondary amines -NH and primary amines -NH 2 in RB, and AC clarified the ability of algal biosorbent to form the positive cations performing ionic pond with AR1 ions (Tan et al 2018;Déniel et al 2020;Silva et al 2020). The stretching ponds in the -CH group and aliphatic -CH 2 group have a central role in the adsorption process as they possess a high ability to form free radicals that attract the AR1 ions (Asemani et al 2020).…”

“…3 illustrates the functional groups of RB, AC, and AB. The presence of weak secondary amines -NH and primary amines -NH 2 is proved by the peaks ranging from 3758.58 to 3830.9 cm −1 (Tan et al 2018;Déniel et al 2020;Silva et al 2020). The border absorption peaks at wavelength 3156.90-3275.50 cm −1 Removal% =111.1621 − 0.45771D − 5.38829P + 0.075686T + 0.39671P 2 elucidate the existence of stretching hydroxyl group -OH (Kumar et al 2019) that found in all samples with a higher-intensity value for biosorbent RB.…”