Green Mobile Networks for 5G and Beyond

Masoudi, Meysam; Khafagy, Mohammad Galal; Conte, Alberto; Amine, Ali El; Françoise, Brian; Nadjahi, Chayan; Salem, Fatma Ezzahra; Labidi, Wael; Süral, Altug; Gati, Azeddine; Bodéré, Dominique; Arıkan, Erdal; Aklamanu, Fred; Louahlia-Gualous, H.; Lallet, Julien; Pareek, Kuldeep; Nuaymi, Loutfi; Meunier, Luc; Silva, Paulo; Almeida, Nuno T.; Chahed, Tijani; Sjölund, Tord; Çavdar, Çiçek

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2932777

Cited by 89 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This indicator becomes fundamental in the deployment of new mobile generations due to the requirements of 90% reduction of power consumption. Nowadays, energy efficiency is a parameter to be taken into account in any new deployment [35], [36]. We have considered an EE indicator that shows the performance in bits per Joule, that is, the number of bits of information that can be reliably transmitted through the communication channel per energy unit.…”

Section: Power Consumption Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilayer Network Optimization for 5G & 6G

et al. 2020

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Section: Power Consumption Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilayer Network Optimization for 5G & 6G

et al. 2020

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“…Therefore, not just the performance boost of VNFs but also overall reduction in CPU utilization paves the way of hardware-accelerators in NFV environments. A large number of VNFs involve CPU-intensive tasks like de-duplication, cryptography, compression, etc [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. The software implementation of these tasks has been found to be very energy inefficient (numbers of operations performed/energy consumed) as compared to their hardware implementation resulting in excessive CPU utilization.…”

Section: Hardware-acceleration In Nfvmentioning

confidence: 99%

VNF-AAPC: Accelerator-aware VNF placement and chaining

et al. 2020

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In recent years, telecom operators have been migrating towards network architectures based on Network Function Virtualization in order to reduce their high Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operational Expenditure (OPEX). However, virtualization of some network functions is accompanied by a significant degradation of Virtual Network Function (VNF) performance in terms of their throughput or energy consumption. To address these challenges, use of hardware-accelerators, e.g. FPGAs, GPUs, to offload CPU-intensive operations from performance-critical VNFs has been proposed. Allocation of NFV infrastructure (NFVi) resources for VNF placement and chaining (VNF-PC) has been a major area of research recently. A variety of resources allocation models have been proposed to achieve various operator's objectives i.e. minimizing CAPEX, OPEX, latency, etc. However, the VNF-PC resource allocation problem for the case when NFVi incorporates hardware-accelerators remains unaddressed. Ignoring hardware-accelerators in NFVi while performing resource allocation for VNF-chains can nullify the advantages resulting from the use of hardwareaccelerators. Therefore, accurate models and techniques for the accelerator-aware VNF-PC (VNF-AAPC) are needed in order to achieve the overall efficient utilization of all NFVi resources including hardware-accelerators. This paper investigates the problem of VNF-AAPC, i.e., how to allocate usual NFVi resources along-with hardwareaccelerators to VNF-chains in a cost-efficient manner. Particularly, we propose two methods to tackle the VNF-AAPC problem. The first approach is based on Integer Linear Programming (ILP) which jointly optimizes VNF placement, chaining and accelerator allocation while concurring to all NFVi constraints. The second approach is a heuristic-based method that addresses the scalability issue of the ILP approach. The heuristic addresses the VNF-AAPC problem by following a two-step algorithm. The experimental evaluations indicate that incorporating accelerator-awareness in VNF-PC strategies can help operators to achieve additional cost-savings from the efficient allocation of hardware-accelerator resources.

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“…The congestion, limited bandwidth and restricted channel capacity of the current wireless system have pushed researchers and engineers to utilize an unused Millimeter-Wave (MMW) spectrum in Fifth-generation (5G) of wireless communication systems [1]. The upcoming 5G communication systems are not only promised to meet the exponentially increasing demands of high data rates, reliability, and low power consumption for the billions of connected devices around us, but also capable to unlock the full capabilities of the emerging technologies such as smart cities, virtual reality, and autonomous cars [2], [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Metasurface-Based Low-Profile Wideband Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna for 5G Millimeter-Wave Systems

et al. 2020

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This paper presents the design and realization of a metasurface-based low-profile wideband Circularly Polarized (CP) patch antenna with high performance for Fifth-generation (5G) communication systems. The antenna consists of a modified patch, sandwiched between an array of 4 × 4 symmetrical square ring Metasurface (MTS) and a ground plane. Initially, the intrinsic narrow bandwidth of the conventional patch antenna is increased using a diagonal rectangular slot. For further performance enhancement, the additional resonances and CP radiations are achieved for wideband operation in terms of impedance and Axial Ratio (AR) by effective excitation of surface waves propagating along the MTS. The stacking of MTS on the modified patch without any air gap resulted in an overall compact size of 1.1λ 0 × 1.1λ 0 × 0.093λ 0. Simulated and measured results show that the MTS-based antenna offers a wide impedance bandwidth ranging from 24-34.1 GHz (34.7%) for |S 11 | < −10 with a maximum gain of 11 dBic and a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 24.1-29.5 GHz (20.1 %). Moreover, the proposed antenna has a smooth gain response with a small variation in its gain (9.5-11 dBic) and a stable left-hand CP radiation in the desired frequency range. The operating bandwidth of this antenna is covering the proposed entire global millimeter-wave spectrum (24.2-29.5 GHz) for 5G communication systems. INDEX TERMS Metasurface-based antenna, circular polarization, 5G technology, millimeter-wave.

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Green Mobile Networks for 5G and Beyond

Cited by 89 publications

References 48 publications

Multilayer Network Optimization for 5G & 6G

Multilayer Network Optimization for 5G & 6G

VNF-AAPC: Accelerator-aware VNF placement and chaining

A Metasurface-Based Low-Profile Wideband Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna for 5G Millimeter-Wave Systems

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