Green plants that feed on fungi: facts and questions about mixotrophy

Selosse, Marc‐André; Roy, Mélanie

doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.11.004

Cited by 273 publications

(303 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…1, A-E). This is less than the .5‰ difference in d 15 N between ectomycorrhizal fungi and host plant leaves in both temperate forests (Gebauer and Taylor, 1999;Trudell et al, 2003;Tedersoo et al, 2006;Selosse and Roy, 2009) and tropical rainforests Diédhiou et al, 2010). We think that these differences do not only result from tropical conditions, but mainly from physiological differences between AMF and ectomycorrhizal fungi.…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Whether carbon (C) transfer between plants occurs by way of mycorrhizal networks is particularly controversial (Bever et al, 2010;Courty et al, 2010). Nevertheless, mycoheterotrophic (MH) species are extreme and relevant models of plants that in most cases receive all their C through mycorrhizal networks (Leake, 1994(Leake, , 2004Selosse and Roy, 2009). These achlorophyllous plants live in the forest understory and exploit mycorrhizal fungi associated with surrounding autotrophic trees as a C and energy source (Taylor and Bruns, 1997;Selosse et al, 2002;Bidartondo, 2005;Roy et al, 2009;see Martos et al, 2009 andOguraTsujita et al, 2009 for exceptions to this rule).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isotopic abundances were also instrumental in the discovery that several green plants, phylogenetically close to MH species, obtain part of their C from ectomycorrhizal networks, since their 13 C and 15 N abundances are intermediate between autotrophic and MH plants (Gebauer and Meyer, 2003;Julou et al, 2005;Tedersoo et al, 2006;Roy et al, 2009). This nutrition is called partial mycoheterotrophy, a kind of mixotrophy that mixes photosynthetic and MH nutrition (for review, see Selosse and Roy, 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Mycorrhizal Networks and Mycoheterotrophic Plants of Tropical Forests: A Stable Isotope Analysis

et al. 2011

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confidence: 82%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Mycorrhizal Networks and Mycoheterotrophic Plants of Tropical Forests: A Stable Isotope Analysis

et al. 2011

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“…The work by Cameron et al (2006Cameron et al ( , 2008 suggests, in contrast to earlier studies (Hadley and Purves 1974;Alexander and Hadley 1985), that adult photosynthetic orchids can transfer carbon to their symbiotic fungus. However, some species remain fully achlorophyllous as adults, or with an inefficient photosynthesis due to adaptation to shaded environments (Gebauer and Meyer 2003;Selosse and Roy 2009). Thus, the nature of the symbiotic orchid-fungus relationship in the adult stage can be rather complex, depending on the trophic strategy of the host plant species and on the environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression in mycorrhizal orchid protocorms suggests a friendly plant–fungus relationship

Perotto

Rodda

Benetti

et al. 2014

Planta

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Main conclusionOrchid mycorrhiza has been often interpreted as an antagonistic relationship. Our data on mycorrhizal protocorms do not support this view as plant defence genes were not induced, whereas some nodulinlike genes were significantly up-regulated.Orchids fully depend on symbiotic interactions with specific soil fungi for seed germination and early development. Germinated seeds give rise to a protocorm, a heterotrophic organ that acquires nutrients, including organic carbon, from the mycorrhizal partner. It has long been debated if this interaction is mutualistic or antagonistic. To investigate the molecular bases of the orchid response to mycorrhizal invasion, we developed a symbiotic in vitro system between Serapias vomeracea, a Mediterranean green meadow orchid, and the rhizoctonia-like fungus Tulasnella calospora. 454 pyrosequencing was used to generate an inventory of plant and fungal genes expressed in mycorrhizal protocorms, and plant genes could be reliably identified with a customized bioinformatic pipeline. A small panel of plant genes was selected and expression was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal protocorm tissues. Among these genes were some markers of mutualistic (e.g. nodulins) as well as antagonistic (e.g. pathogenesis-related and wound/stress-induced) genes. None of the pathogenesis or wound/stress-related genes were significantly up-regulated in mycorrhizal tissues, suggesting that fungal colonization does not trigger strong plant defence responses. In addition, the highest expression fold change in mycorrhizal tissues was found for a nodulin-like gene similar to the plastocyanin domaincontaining ENOD55. Another nodulin-like gene significantly more expressed in the symbiotic tissues of mycorrhizal protocorms was similar to a sugar transporter of the SWEET family. Two genes coding for mannose-binding lectins were significantly up-regulated in the presence of the mycorrhizal fungus, but their role in the symbiosis is unclear.

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“…Substantial fungus-mediated mixotrophy occurs in the photosynthesising ericaceous tribe Pyroleae (Tedersoo et al 2007) and the orchid Cephalanthera damasonium (Julou et al 2005) with an estimated 10-67% of carbon obtained from fungal partners. Selosse and Roy (2009) draw analogies between mixotrophy of plants and algae, and suggest that partial mycoheterotrophy may be more common in light-limited environments than currently acknowledged. The authors also highlight the dearth of knowledge of cellular mechanisms enabling the transfer of nutrients between fungi and partially mycoheterotrophic plants.…”

Section: Mixotrophy In Phytoplankton Other Aquatic Organisms and Termentioning

confidence: 91%

The mixotrophic nature of photosynthetic plants

Schmidt¹,

Raven²,

Paungfoo‐Lonhienne³

2013

Functional Plant Biol.

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Abstract. Plants typically have photosynthetically competent green shoots. To complement resources derived from the atmospheric environment, plants also acquire essential elements from soil. Inorganic ions and molecules are generally considered to be the sources of soil-derived nutrients, and plants tested in this respect can grow with only inorganic nutrients and so can live as autotrophs. However, mycorrhizal symbionts are known to access nutrients from organic matter. Furthermore, specialist lineages of terrestrial photosynthetically competent plants are mixotrophic, including species that obtain organic nutrition from animal prey (carnivores), fungal partners (mycoheterotrophs) or plant hosts (hemi-parasites). Although mixotrophy is deemed the exception in terrestrial plants, it is a common mode of nutrition in aquatic algae. There is mounting evidence that non-specialist plants acquire organic compounds as sources of nutrients, taking up and metabolising a range of organic monomers, oligomers, polymers and even microbes as sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. Plasmamembrane located transporter proteins facilitate the uptake of low-molecular mass organic compounds, endo-and phagocytosis may enable the acquisition of larger compounds, although this has not been confirmed. Identifying the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of organic nutrients will provide understanding of the ecological significance of mixotrophy. Here, we discuss mixotrophy in the context of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition drawing parallels between algae and plants.

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Green plants that feed on fungi: facts and questions about mixotrophy

Cited by 273 publications

References 44 publications

Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Mycorrhizal Networks and Mycoheterotrophic Plants of Tropical Forests: A Stable Isotope Analysis

Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Mycorrhizal Networks and Mycoheterotrophic Plants of Tropical Forests: A Stable Isotope Analysis

Gene expression in mycorrhizal orchid protocorms suggests a friendly plant–fungus relationship

The mixotrophic nature of photosynthetic plants

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