Green pretexts: Ecotourism, neoliberal conservation and land grabbing in Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia

‘Land grabbing’ e ‘Green grabbing’: Uma leitura da ‘corrida na produção acadêmica’ sobre a apropriação global de terras

“…tiveram aumentos exponenciais nas últimas décadas no Brasil, envolvendo milhões de hectares de terras (SAUER e ALBUQUERQUE, 2015 terras, associados à apropriação de recursos naturais (florestas nativas, minérios, etc. ), bem como outras formas de uso e acesso à natureza (OJEDA, 2012;GARDNER, 2012). Nos termos de Fairhead, Leach e Scoones (2012, p. 238), Em todo o mundo, os ecossistemas estão à venda.…”

Accumulation by securitization: Commercial poaching, neoliberal conservation, and the creation of new wildlife frontiers

“…Furthermore, given the cross-border context and regional history of war-induced ecological destruction, this exchange plays out in a specific way within the GLC. Yet it reflects a broader process whereby access to natural resources provides the necessary incentive for actors to invest in security practices and partnerships, what we see as a nascent theme in the conservation-security literature (see, for example, Cavanagh et al, 2015;Devine, 2014;Dunlap and Fairhead, 2014;Ferrad ‡s, 2004;Ojeda, 2012;Ybarra, 2012).…”

“…A young but growing body of critical conservation scholarship has begun to examine the securitization of conservation space and conservation practice itself (Cavanagh et al, 2015;Devine, 2014;Duffy, 2014;Duffy, this issue;Humphreys, 2012;Humphreys and Smith, 2014;Lombard, this issue;Lunstrum, 2014;Ojeda, 2012;Peluso and Vandergeest, 2011;Ybarra, 2012). Of particular concern is the militarization of conservation practice in response to commercial poaching.…”

“…This has resulted in the expansion of actors involved in conservation well beyond the state and colonial regime to include influential elites (Brockington and Duffy, 2010;Holmes, 2012), and entrepreneurs and businesses (BŸscher and Fletcher, Forthcoming;Gardner, 2012;Leach et al, 2012;Snijders, 2012). Reflecting the rising trend in conservation-security, this also includes security actors and others motivated by security logics (C ‡rdenas, 2012;Ojeda, 2012;Ybarra, 2012). While non-state actors have always been involved in conservation, the wider variety of actors we see today are Òmore deeply embedded in capitalist networks, and operating across scalesÓ (Fairhead et al, 2012, 240).…”

“…Rural communities in particular are routinely portrayed as environmentally irresponsible peasants, a common practice used to legitimize their dispossession and the enclosure of common land and resources (Brockington, 2002;Li, 2007;Neumann, 1998;Ojeda, 2012;Spence, 1999). More than this, residents in and around the GLC are rendered environmentally destructive security threats: as rhino poachers who are heavily armed, increasingly dangerous, and who jeopardize national security (Lunstrum, 2014; also see Devine, 2014;Ojeda, 2012;Ybarra, 2012). More broadly, such rewriting of peasants as security risks in need of eviction is a disconcerting outgrowth of the growing integration of conservation, tourism, and security practice.…”