Green syntheses of graphene and its applications in internet of things (IoT)—a status review

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) is a trending technological field that converts any physical object into a communicable smarter one by converging the physical world with the digital world. This innovative technology connects the device to the internet and provides a platform to collect real-time data, cloud storage, and analyze the collected data to trigger smart actions from a remote location via remote notifications etc. Because of its wide-ranging applications, this technology can be integrated into almost all the industries. Another trending field with tremendous opportunities is Nanotechnology, which provides many benefits in several areas of life, and helps to improve many technological and industrial sectors. So, integration of IoT and Nanotechnology can bring about the very important field of Internet of Nanothings (IoNT), which can re-shape the communication industry. For that, data (collected from trillions of nanosensors, connected to billions of devices) would be the ‘ultimate truth’, which could be generated from highly efficient nanosensors, fabricated from various novel nanomaterials, one of which is graphene, the so-called ‘wonder material’ of the 21st century. Therefore, graphene-assisted IoT/IoNT platforms may revolutionize the communication technologies around the globe. In this article, a status review of the smart applications of graphene in the IoT sector is presented. Firstly, various green synthesis of graphene for sustainable development is elucidated, followed by its applications in various nanosensors, detectors, actuators, and memory and nano-communication devices. Also, the future market prospects are discussed to converge various emerging concepts like machine learning, fog/edge computing, artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, with the graphene-assisted IoT field to bring about the concept of ‘all-round connectivity in every sphere possible.

Engineered two-dimensional nanomaterials based diagnostics integrated with internet of medical things (IoMT) for COVID-19

“…By integrating AI into graphene-assisted IoMT, extensive connections across all domains of healthcare are established to cover future market potential. 202 In addition to chemical composition, atomic arrangements play a significant role in determining the properties of 2D TMDs. Nonetheless, the exploding prevalence of 2D TMDs is solely dependent not only on the intrinsic material properties, but also on the tunable electronic and catalytic properties.…”

“…By integrating AI into graphene-assisted IoMT, extensive connections across all domains of healthcare are established to cover future market potential. 202…”

Computational fluid dynamics-based PDMS-graphene triboelectric nanogenerator ‘PG-TENG’ blue energy harvester

“…The increasing usage of computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, sensor systems, wireless communications, and gadgets based on the Internet-of-Things (IoTs) has heightened the demand for alternative energy bases. It was predicted in 2018 that there would be 0.05 trillion IoTs-based systems in operation; this number is expected to surpass 0.2 trillion by 2025 [4][5][6][7][8][9]. This networking system usage with multiple sensors and intelligent circuits for various applications, i.e., healthcare monitoring gadgets, wearable electronics, and self-powered devices.…”

Complementary Inverter Based on C60 and Pentacene Doped CVD Graphene Field Effect Transistors on SiO₂

“…The recent advancements in both the growth of large area graphene using Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) and the techniques for transferring graphene onto a wide variety of substrates have paved the way for the development of flexible graphene-based electronic devices [2], which overcome some inherent limitations of traditional Silicon-based electronics. Further research on graphene-based digital and/or analog circuits is still needed to enable communications and data processing functions, and thus, to fully exploit graphene's potential for applications in smart wearables, environmental sensors and flexible displays [3], [4]. In this context, different methods to induce nand p-type behavior in Graphene Field Effect Transistors (GFETs) have been developed [5], [6], [7] and implemented to fabricate electronic components such as the graphene complementary inverter, which is a fundamental building block for digital circuits that produces an output signal that is the complement of its input signal [8], [9].…”