Green synthesis and characterization of phosphorus flame retardant crosslinking agents for epoxy resins

Toldy, Andrea; Szolnoki, Beáta; Csontos, István; Marosi, György

doi:10.1002/app.40105

Cited by 36 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…(Hungary). A phosphorus-containing amine-type curing agent (TEDAP) was applied as flame retardant [19,20]. As reinforcement twill woven hemp fabrics (surface mass: 580 g/m 2 ), received from the Institute of Natural Fibres and…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemp fabrics were selected for forming flame retarded reinforcement and a P-containing amine [19,20] was applied as curing agent in the FR matrix composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…. This problem can be solved or moderated by using flame retarded biofibres combined with matrix containing flame retardant additive, by which way the polymer concentration of the matrix and thus its strength can maintained [16,17,18].In this work the idea of flame retarded reinforcement was adapted to epoxy resin composites, by combining it with P-containing crosslinking agent as reactive flame retardant in the matrix.Hemp fabrics were selected for forming flame retarded reinforcement and a P-containing amine [19,20] was applied as curing agent in the FR matrix composites. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Szolnoki

Bocz

Sóti

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Natural hemp fabric reinforced epoxy resin composites were prepared in flame retarded form.Fabrics were treated in three ways: the first method involved the immersion of preheated fabric into cold phosphoric acid solution (allowing penetration into the capillaries of the fibres) and subsequent neutralization, the second way was a reactive modification carried out with an aminosilane-type coupling agent, while the third treatment combined the sol-gel surface coating with the first method. The introduction of P-content into the reinforcing fibres resulted in decreased flammability of not only the hemp fabrics, but also of the flame retardancy of epoxy composites, comprising it changed advantageously. By applying aminetype phosphorus-containing curing agent (TEDAP) in combination with the treated fabrics, V-0 UL-94 rating was achieved. Composites of unexpectedly improved static and dynamic mechanical properties could be prepared only when the simple phosphorous fibre treatment and reactive flame retardancy was combined. . This problem can be solved or moderated by using flame retarded biofibres combined with matrix containing flame retardant additive, by which way the polymer concentration of the matrix and thus its strength can maintained [16,17,18].In this work the idea of flame retarded reinforcement was adapted to epoxy resin composites, by combining it with P-containing crosslinking agent as reactive flame retardant in the matrix.Hemp fabrics were selected for forming flame retarded reinforcement and a P-containing amine [19,20] was applied as curing agent in the FR matrix composites. Materials and methods MaterialsThe epoxy Fabric treatmentTwill woven hemp fabrics (HF) were washed with water to remove dust and impurities and then dried in oven at 70 °C for 12 h. The fibres were treated in three ways in order to render them flame retardant. In the first case, the so-called thermotex procedure [21] was applied.The high-temperature treatment of the fabrics allows better absorption of the treating solution to the capillaries of the fabric. For this purpose, the fabrics were preheated at 120 °C for 2 h, and then immersed in cold 17 mass% phosphoric acid solution for 5 min. The ratio of fabric to phosphoric acid solution was 1 g to 10 ml. As the acid may induce long-term degradation in cellulose fibre structure, it was neutralized by immersing the fabrics in 5% ammonium hydroxide solution. The excess of the treating and neutralizing solutions were removed by pressing the fabrics by a foulard. After treatment, the fabrics were dried in air. The amount of the absorbed phosphorus was determined by the mass increase of the treated fibres and by elemental analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (see section 2.3.3). The mass increase of the THF fibres was 8 mass%, which means the absorption of 1.7 mass% of P (1.65 mass% by elemental analysis).In the other case, sol-gel treatment of the fabrics was carried out using Geniosil GF-9 aminetype silane. The fabrics were immersed in 10 mass% toluene solution...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemp fabrics were selected for forming flame retarded reinforcement and a P-containing amine [19,20] was applied as curing agent in the FR matrix composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Szolnoki

Bocz

Sóti

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…[136][137][138][139] A series of phosphazene and phosphaphenanthrene derivatives (94)(95)(96)(97) Polycarbonates Polycarbonate (PC) is extensively applied in the electronics, construction, and automotive industries because of its outstanding properties such as stiffness, good hardness, transparency, impact strength, thermal stability, and dimensional stability. [136][137][138][139] A series of phosphazene and phosphaphenanthrene derivatives (94)(95)(96)(97) Polycarbonates Polycarbonate (PC) is extensively applied in the electronics, construction, and automotive industries because of its outstanding properties such as stiffness, good hardness, transparency, impact strength, thermal stability, and dimensional stability.…”

Section: Cellulose Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in P(O/S)–N containing flame retardants

Nazir

Gaan

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Synthesis of organophosphorus compounds containing nitrogen as heteroatom and its application as a flame retardant (FR) have attracted much attention in the academic and industrial communities over the past decade. Such compounds are relatively easy to synthesize and offer advantages such as high thermal stability, which is useful for high temperature processing, improved char stability, density, and yield during the thermal decomposition of polymer, and release phosphorus species active in the flame inhibition process. Though a variety of phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) compounds can be found in the literature, this review mostly summarizes the recent (since 2013) development in phosphorus (O)-nitrogen containing flame retardants which have been published in peer-reviewed journals. General strategies of synthesizing P(O)-N compounds as FRs from various phosphorus-based starting materials are highlighted in this review. Some of the most common classes of researched P(O)-N containing compounds as FRs include the phosphinamides, phosphonamides, phosphoramides, phosphoramidates, phosphorodiamidates, phosphonamidates and their thio counterparts which are usually obtained via a one-or two-step synthetic strategy. Incorporation of these compounds as FRs in various polymer systems such as polyurethane, epoxy resins, polyamides, cellulose, polylactide, poly(butylene terephthalate), polycarbonates, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene are discussed in detail in this review. Special emphasis on the various fire and thermal performances of the new materials are also summarized. The mechanical performance of new materials and the influence of these additives on polymer processing are also briefly discussed.

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“…There are lots of works reported about the molecular design and synthesis of flame retardant epoxy resins as well as a reactive flame-retardant additives by incorporating phosphorus-containing flame retarding units such as phosphine oxide, phosphates, and other phosphorylated and phosphonylated derivatives [13e19]. Today [18,19] developed a series of phosphorus-containing amines (TEDAP, TMPDAP and TOPDAP) which acted as flame retardant crosslinking agents in epoxy resins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of a novel epoxy resin based on cyclotriphosphazene and its thermal degradation and flammability performance

2014

Polymer Degradation and Stability

108

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Green synthesis and characterization of phosphorus flame retardant crosslinking agents for epoxy resins

Cited by 36 publications

References 27 publications

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Recent developments in P(O/S)–N containing flame retardants

Synthesis and characterization of a novel epoxy resin based on cyclotriphosphazene and its thermal degradation and flammability performance

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