“…Application of organic source of nutrient and biochar, compost, vermicompost and crop residue retention, and conservation tillage (Wang et al, 2021) Pollution/PAHs in soil Pesticide residue Bioleaching, microbial degradation, Phytoremediation, and degradation (Bhaskar et al, 2021) Industrial contamination Enzymatic remediation, electrobioremediation, microbial fuel cell, and nanobioremediation (Bharagava & Mishra, 2018) Heavy metal toxicity Surfactant application to wash heavy metal, biosorption, nanotechnology integrated with microbes, and biochar (Lal et al, 2018) PAH contamination Biostimulation, Land farming (bioaugmentation), bioventing, biopiling, and phtoremediation (Khan et al, 2018) Loss of vegetation Poor vegetation and diversity decline Crop diversification and Integrated vegetation management (Peng et al, 2019) Human intervention Overgrazing and faulty agricultural practices Reforestation, rotational grazing, and ecological restoration (Dong et al, 2020) Abbreviation: PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.…”