“…Researchers are using nanotechnology, namely copper oxide nanoparticles, to improve the efficiency of biodiesel mixes [3,4]. Nanoparticles enhance the efficiency of combustion and decrease emissions, therefore tackling environmental issues and advocating for more sustainable energy sources in the transportation industry [5,6]. The physiochemical features of biodiesel blends may be significantly enhanced by the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles, leading to a notable interest in their use [7,8].…”