Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Upland Cress and Their Biochemical Characterization and Assessment

Abstract

This research focuses on the plant-mediated green synthesis process to produce gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using upland cress (Barbarea verna), as various biomolecules within the upland cress act as both reducing and capping agents. The synthesized gold nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, surface charge (zeta potential) analysis, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated the synthesized Au NPs are spherical and well-dispersed with an average diameter ~11 nm and a characteristic absorbance peak at ~529 nm. EDX results showed an 11.13% gold content. Colloidal Au NP stability was confirmed with a zeta potential (ζ) value of −36.8 mV. X-ray diffraction analysis verified the production of crystalline face-centered cubic gold. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of the Au NPs was evaluated using Gram-negative Escherichiacoli and Gram-positive Bacillus megaterium. Results demonstrated concentration-dependent antimicrobial properties. Lastly, applications of the Au NPs in catalysis and biomedicine were evaluated. The catalytic activity of Au NPs was demonstrated through the conversion of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol which followed first-order kinetics. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were evaluated using both BMSCs (stem) and HeLa (cancer) cells and the results were cell type dependent. The synthesized Au NPs show great potential for various applications such as catalysis, pharmaceutics, and biomedicine.

The Investigation of the Chemical Composition and Applicability of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Amygdalus communis (Almond) Leaf Aqueous Extract as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents

“…The CLSI M07-A8 standard broth dilution technique was used to test the antibacterial and antifungal effectiveness of gold nanoparticles by observing how quickly the microbes grew in the agar broth. We employed modified bacterial and fungal concentrations (108 CFU/mL, 0.5 McFarland’s standard) together with serial two-fold dilutions of gold nanoparticles in concentrations ranging from 5 to 0.156 mg/mL to calculate the MIC in BHI broth [ 55 , 56 ]. The control was incubated for 24 h at 37 °C and solely included inoculated broth.…”

Gold Nanoparticles: Construction for Drug Delivery and Application in Cancer Immunotherapy

“…The ‘bottom-up’ method usually involves the self-assembly of gold atoms or molecules into uniformly sized AuNPs, which is cost-effective and easily controlled [ 30 ]. This method includes chemical synthesis (spinning, sol-gel process, and chemical reduction), biosynthesis, and physical hybridisation methods (electrochemical, sonochemical, and photochemical synthesis) [ 31 , 32 ]. The first two chemical synthesis methods are mainly used for the synthesis of nanofibres and nanogels, which are mostly used for the production of industrial materials [ 33 ].…”

Biological Synthesis, Characterization, and Therapeutic Potential of S. commune-Mediated Gold Nanoparticles

“…Fluorescence pictures of A549 cells were obtained after 4 h with A B Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were mycologically produced using S. commune fungal extract. The appearance of a red color in the solution provided convincing evidence that AuNPs were being synthesized inside the reaction mixture [53][54][55]. The color shift is caused by the surface plasmon resonance of the metallic gold nanoparticles.…”