Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Psidium guajava L. Leaves Extract for Degradation of Organic Dyes and Anti-microbial Applications

Abstract

Among various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been more widely used for the degradation of harmful organic dyes and the inhibition of microbial growth; on the other hand, it positively affects mammalian cells. Green synthesis of IONPs has piqued the interest of researchers because it improves stability and is an environmentally friendly method of avoiding the use of harmful chemicals as a reducing agent. In this study, IONPs were synthesized using Psidium guajava leaf extract, which was further applied for its industrial dye degradation and anti-microbial activities. UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, XPS, EDX, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and Zeta potential analysis were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized IONPs managed to degrade methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) in the presence of H2O2. The degradation efficiency was 82.1% in 95 min and 53.9% in 205 min for MB and MO, respectively. Likewise, the synthesized IONPs showed good anti-bacterial activity with a ZOI of 13 mm for both Shigella sonnei and Staphylococcus aureus gram-positive bacteria. Similarly, they demonstrated good anti-fungal activity with ZOI of 15 mm and 13 mm for Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans, respectively. Thus, the IONPs can combat harmful organic dyes, and they can terminate the pathogenicity of several human pathogens.

Implication of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized using Fruit Peel Extract as Antioxidant Agent and Catalytic Degradation

“…The detailed Fenton oxidation process is given in many reports which designate formation of OH* that can mineralize dyes and organic pollutants into harmless products. 72,73 Antioxidant activity.-To test antioxidant activity, the stock of DPPH is obtained by dissolving 1.0 mg of DPPH in 250 ml of methanol.…”

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Their Antimicrobial Activity

“…It is mostly determined using spectroscopic techniques, which may be paired with microscopy to attain singleparticle-level resolution, with the most often used methods being XRD [101,180,183,184], EDS [11,119,183], and EDX [172,[185][186][187]. Because the nanoparticle's external layer interacts with the surrounding environment, determining its composition (surface chemistry) is also important and can be obtained using different techniques like Auger electron spectroscopy [188,189], X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [190][191][192], or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [193].…”

Piper chaba Stem Extract Facilitated the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as an Adsorbent to Remove Congo Red Dye

“…In addition to all of the ways discussed above, research is also being done on IONPs produced biologically, such as by quick and simple plant-mediated synthesis and microorganism-based processes. − In addition to these characteristics, the duration of the operation and the requirement for aseptic settings are other constraints for microorganism-based procedures. IONPs have recently been produced using a variety of plant-mediated processes because extraction and separation are simple to scale up for the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles. ,,− Additionally, the environmentally friendly IONPs have been extensively used as an antibacterial agent, ,, an adsorbent material for the removal of organic dyes ,− and heavy metal ions, , organic dye degradation catalysts, ,, and in many other applications. This motivates us to concentrate our research on the environmentally friendly synthesis of IONPs and their amazing applications.…”

“…IONPs have recently been produced using a variety of plant-mediated processes because extraction and separation are simple to scale up for the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles. 15 , 19 , 21 − 33 Additionally, the environmentally friendly IONPs have been extensively used as an antibacterial agent, 21 , 25 , 28 an adsorbent material for the removal of organic dyes 27 , 31 − 33 and heavy metal ions, 22 , 24 organic dye degradation catalysts, 25 , 29 , 34 and in many other applications. This motivates us to concentrate our research on the environmentally friendly synthesis of IONPs and their amazing applications.…”