Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle using Carica papaya leaf extract: application for photocatalytic degradation of remazol yellow RR dye and antibacterial activity

Abstract

Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by the recently developed green approach is extremely promising because of its non-toxicity and environmentally friendly behavior. In this study, nano scaled iron oxide particles (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) were synthesized from hexahydrate ferric chloride (FeCl 3 .6H 2 O) with the addition of papaya ( Carica papaya ) leaf extract under atmospheric conditions. The synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by systematic characterization using FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX and TGA studies. The removal efficiency of remazol yellow RR dye with the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles as a photocatalyst was determined along with emphasizing on the parameters of catalyst dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Increasing the dose of iron oxide nanoparticles enhanced the decolorization of the dyes and a maximum 76.6% dye degradation was occurred at pH 2 after 6 h at a catalyst dose of 0.8 g/L. Unit removal capacity of the photocatalyst was found to be 340 mg/g at dye concentration of 70 ppm and at a catalyst dose of 0.4 g/L. The synthesized nanoparticles showed moderate antibacterial activity against Klebsiella spp. , E.Coli , Pseudomonas spp. , S.aureus bacterial strains. Although the cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles against Hela, BHK-21 and Vero cell line was found to be toxic at maximum doses but it can be considered for tumor cell damage because it showed excellent activity against the Hela and BHK-21 cell lines.

In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tolerance and Therapeutic Investigations of Phyto-Fabricated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles against Selected Pathogens

“…Previously the dose dependent antibacterial activity of Fe 2 O 3 NPs was conducted, where the zone of inhibition for S. aureus was 7 mm at 5 mg/mL, but it nearly doubled to 12.5 mm at 30 mg/mL. Klebsiella spp., on the other hand, is tolerable at doses between 5 and 20 mg/mL, although 30 mg/mL doses result in an inhibition zone of around 9 mm [ 16 ]. Base on the inhibition zones, it was seen that S. aureus shows less resistance to Fe 2 O 3 NPs as compared to E. coli .…”

“…The degenerative changes in tubular epithelial cells were observed with frequent leukocytic infiltrations. The metabolic irregularity in mice was due to the necrosis in the tubular epithelium [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. The histopathological study shows that the spleen seemed normal after 14 days post injection of the tolerated dose, and a minor hemorrhage was observed in the parenchyma of spleen.…”

A review of green methods for phyto-fabrication of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles and their characterization, properties, and applications

“…Generally, the basic mechanism of formation for the NPs, which include nucleation and particle formation via plant extracts, is not recognizable till now. But there are a few appreciate suggestions that were being introduced for the formation mechanism interpretation that depending on complex formation after reduction/oxidation reaction for the iron ions at the first [ 97 , 98 , 99 ]. However, studies indicate that the phytoconstituents (primary and secondary metabolites) in the plant extract play a significant role in the biosynthesis of NPs.…”

“…However, studies indicate that the phytoconstituents (primary and secondary metabolites) in the plant extract play a significant role in the biosynthesis of NPs. In particular, these compounds, as (polyphenols, proteins, flavonoids, tannic acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, sugars, amino acids) especially contain carbonyl, hydroxyl, and amino groups or rich via electron cloud groups that act as natural antioxidants to reduce carcinogenic metal ions to NPs [ 35 , 47 , 96 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 ].…”

Green Synthesis ZnO/TiO2 for High Recyclability Rapid Sunlight Photodegradation Textile Dyes Applications

“…The reported materials nanoparticles have been produced by using green synthesis are: Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, α-Fe2O3, CeO2-, ZnO, TiO2, ZrO2, and SnO2 [19][20][21][22]. TiO2 and ZnO are chemically stable semiconductors that can produce an active charge during irradiation by light with suitable wavelengths [12,23,24].…”