Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles via Gallic Acid

Abstract

A facile, eco-friendly, room-temperature method for rapid one-pot synthesis of Pd metallic nanoparticles has been developed based on the successive reduction of Pd(II) precursors with gallic acid in an aqueous environment. The morphology and surface analysis of the resulting Pd nanoparticles were confirmed by aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The particle size of palladium nanoparticles was calculated as 16 nm. This study demonstrates that the synthesis of nanoparticles (reduction and stabilization) can be effectively achieved using gallic acid.

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“…Such reducing properties of gallic acid are due to the fact that it consists of an aromatic ring containing a carboxyl and hydroxyl group. These groups form chelating rings with metal ions, which are oxidized to benzoquinones by exposure to air or electrophilic ions [ 31 ].…”

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“…These groups can freely chelate with the palladium(II) ions. 29 The nanoparticle synthesis proceeds through a couple of intermediate steps; 30 the possible nal step can be represented as a redox reaction, as shown in Scheme 1. The rate and viability of the chelation of the metal ion by the hydroxyl groups is a factor of both the acidity and the steric effects of the QDP molecule.…”

“…31 Steric hindrance reduces the viability of the metal chelation process while low acidity will result in a reduced rate of hydroxyl group deprotonation, which is a key step in the metal ion reduction during the nanoparticle synthesis. 30 The low acidity of the C-5 hydroxyl group would, therefore, imply negligible chelation at this site. Increased exibility of the moiety onto which the hydroxyl group is attached would favor metal chelation, in the event of reduced intra/intermolecular hydrogen bonding.…”