“… Phytochemicals Methods Leaves of Citrus sinensis Refs. 1 Flavonoids Lead acetate test, alkaline reagent test, ferric chloride test + 24 2 Phenols Ferric chloride test + 21 3 Steroids Liebermann-Burchard’s test + 21 4 Terpenoids Copper acetate test + 25 5 Tannins Ferric chloride test, gelatin test, lead acetate test, alkaline reagent test − 24 6 Glycosides Killer-Killiani test + 21 7 Alkaloids Wagner’s test, mayer’s test, hager’s test, dragenfdroff test + 24 8 Carbohydrates Molisch’s test, benedict’s test, fehling’s test + 25 Present +, Absence − …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1 b) was then stored in refrigerator at 4 °C for further use. The phytochemical analysis of obtained extract was also analyzed by using standard procedures as described previously 20 , 21 . Figure 1 ( a ) Citrus sinensis peel flakes, ( b ) extraction through reflux, ( c ) CuCl 2 ·2H 2 O solution, ( d ) greenish black solution of Cu-NPs, ( e ) calcinated obtained Cu-NPs, ( f ) AgNO 3 solution, ( g ) greenish grey solution of silver nanoparticles, ( h ) calcinated obtained Ag-NPs.…”
According to an estimate, 30% to 40%, of global fruit are wasted, leading to post harvest losses and contributing to economic losses ranging from $10 to $100 billion worldwide. Among, all fruits the discarded portion of oranges is around 20%. A novel and value addition approach to utilize the orange peels is in nanoscience. In the present study, a synthesis approach was conducted to prepare the metallic nanoparticles (copper and silver); by utilizing food waste (Citrus plant peels) as bioactive reductants. In addition, the Citrus sinensis extracts showed the reducing activity against metallic salts copper chloride and silver nitrate to form Cu-NPs (copper nanoparticles) and Ag-NPs (Silver nanoparticles). The in vitro potential of both types of prepared nanoparticles was examined against plant pathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora (Pectobacterium carotovorum) and pathogens effect on human health Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Moreover, the in vivo antagonistic potential of both types of prepared nanoparticles was examined by their interaction with against plant (potato slices). Furthermore, additional antipathogenic (antiviral and antifungal) properties were also examined. The statistical analysis was done to explain the level of significance and antipathogenic effectiveness among synthesized Ag-NPs and Cu-NPs. The surface morphology, elemental description and size of particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and zeta sizer (in addition polydispersity index and zeta potential). The justification for the preparation of particles was done by UV–Vis Spectroscopy (excitation peaks at 339 nm for copper and 415 nm for silver) and crystalline nature was observed by X-ray diffraction. Hence, the prepared particles are quite effective against soft rot pathogens in plants and can also be used effectively in some other multifunctional applications such as bioactive sport wear, surgical gowns, bioactive bandages and wrist or knee compression bandages, etc.
“… Phytochemicals Methods Leaves of Citrus sinensis Refs. 1 Flavonoids Lead acetate test, alkaline reagent test, ferric chloride test + 24 2 Phenols Ferric chloride test + 21 3 Steroids Liebermann-Burchard’s test + 21 4 Terpenoids Copper acetate test + 25 5 Tannins Ferric chloride test, gelatin test, lead acetate test, alkaline reagent test − 24 6 Glycosides Killer-Killiani test + 21 7 Alkaloids Wagner’s test, mayer’s test, hager’s test, dragenfdroff test + 24 8 Carbohydrates Molisch’s test, benedict’s test, fehling’s test + 25 Present +, Absence − …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1 b) was then stored in refrigerator at 4 °C for further use. The phytochemical analysis of obtained extract was also analyzed by using standard procedures as described previously 20 , 21 . Figure 1 ( a ) Citrus sinensis peel flakes, ( b ) extraction through reflux, ( c ) CuCl 2 ·2H 2 O solution, ( d ) greenish black solution of Cu-NPs, ( e ) calcinated obtained Cu-NPs, ( f ) AgNO 3 solution, ( g ) greenish grey solution of silver nanoparticles, ( h ) calcinated obtained Ag-NPs.…”
According to an estimate, 30% to 40%, of global fruit are wasted, leading to post harvest losses and contributing to economic losses ranging from $10 to $100 billion worldwide. Among, all fruits the discarded portion of oranges is around 20%. A novel and value addition approach to utilize the orange peels is in nanoscience. In the present study, a synthesis approach was conducted to prepare the metallic nanoparticles (copper and silver); by utilizing food waste (Citrus plant peels) as bioactive reductants. In addition, the Citrus sinensis extracts showed the reducing activity against metallic salts copper chloride and silver nitrate to form Cu-NPs (copper nanoparticles) and Ag-NPs (Silver nanoparticles). The in vitro potential of both types of prepared nanoparticles was examined against plant pathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora (Pectobacterium carotovorum) and pathogens effect on human health Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Moreover, the in vivo antagonistic potential of both types of prepared nanoparticles was examined by their interaction with against plant (potato slices). Furthermore, additional antipathogenic (antiviral and antifungal) properties were also examined. The statistical analysis was done to explain the level of significance and antipathogenic effectiveness among synthesized Ag-NPs and Cu-NPs. The surface morphology, elemental description and size of particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and zeta sizer (in addition polydispersity index and zeta potential). The justification for the preparation of particles was done by UV–Vis Spectroscopy (excitation peaks at 339 nm for copper and 415 nm for silver) and crystalline nature was observed by X-ray diffraction. Hence, the prepared particles are quite effective against soft rot pathogens in plants and can also be used effectively in some other multifunctional applications such as bioactive sport wear, surgical gowns, bioactive bandages and wrist or knee compression bandages, etc.
“…Studies have demonstrated the possibility of using MATLAB-based techniques to quantify the changes in E. faecalis protein localization pattern upon treatment with antimicrobial peptides (Kandaswamy et al, 2013). Although earlier studies have reported that compounds such as phytochemicals from tropical plants and nanoparticles (Govindarajan, Selvaraj, et al, 2022;Saravanan et al, 2020;Sivaramakrishnan et al, 2019) can target or kill bacterial cells but those studies were limited to few (1-10) compounds due to lack of fully automated high-throughput image analysis methods. Apart from screening, one can also take advantage of image analysis tools to perform phenotypic analysis that would result in the identification of bacterial pathotypes Govindarajan et al, 2020;Shanmugasundarasamy et al, 2022), which will be immensely helpful in the identification of water-borne pathogens for environmental water quality monitoring.…”
Section: Image Analysis As An Alternative Tool For Cell Sortingmentioning
Bioremediation is a promising technique that can be used to decrease the environmental discharge of Heavy Metal (HM) such as copper, and zinc. Although studies have addressed the cytotoxic effects of HMs, however, the effect of HMs on the geometry of bacterial species such as Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) remains unknown. Quantitative analysis of parameters such as cell perimeter, cell count, and cell distribution shall greatly improve the efficiency of environmental monitoring. Therefore, this study demonstrates the use of an open-source image analysis tool (ImageJ/Fiji) to quantify the aforementioned parameters to analyze the extent of damage caused by lethal concentration of > 2 mg/L of Cu2+ and > 6 mg/L of Zn2+ which disintegrates S. platensis cells into smaller fragments and subsequently affects their structural parameters in perimeter and cell distribution. In summary, this article demonstrates the use of an image analysis platform to quantify the geometric parameters of microbes for environmental monitoring.
“…For instance, the use of chlorhexidine during the perioperative period has demonstrated efficacy in reducing biofilm-related complications and implant failure ( Daubert and Weinstein, 2019 ). In addition, antimicrobial compounds derived from plants and nanoparticles (conjugated with plant-derived phytochemicals) were proven to be effective in preventing bacterial colonization and formation of biofilm on dental implants ( Govindarajan et al, 2023 ; Sivaramakrishnan et al, 2019 ). In the case of cochlear implants, the application of soft polymers such as Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated with antimicrobials (at a thickness of 10–40 nm) has been found to significantly inhibit bacterial cell accumulation ( Goldfinger et al, 2014 ).…”
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