Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Coated by Water Soluble Chitosan and Its Potency as Non-Alcoholic Hand Sanitizer Formulation

Abstract

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts, widely known as a green synthesis method, has been extensively studied. Nanoparticles produced through this method have applications as antibacterial agents. Bacterial and viral infection can be prevented by use of antibacterial agents such as soap, disinfectants, and hand sanitizer. Silver nanoparticles represent promising hand sanitizer ingredients due to their antibacterial activity and can enable reduced use of alcohol and triclosan. This study employed silver nanoparticles synthesized using Kepok banana peel extract (Musa paradisiaca L.). Nanoparticle effectiveness as a hand sanitizer can be enhanced by coating with a biocompatible polymer such as chitosan. The characterization of silver nanoparticles was conducted using UV-Vis, with an obtained peak at 434.5 nm. SEM-EDX analysis indicated nanoparticles with a spherical morphology. Silver nanoparticles coated with chitosan were characterized through FTIR to verify the attached functional groups. Gel hand sanitizers were produced using silver nanoparticles coated with different chitosan concentrations. Several tests were undertaken to determine the gel characteristics, including pH, syneresis, and antibacterial activity. Syneresis leads to unstable gels, but was found to be inhibited by adding chitosan at a concentration of 2%. Antibacterial activity was found to increase with increase in chitosan concentration.

Modification of Thin Film Composite Membrane by Chitosan–Silver Particles to Improve Desalination and Anti-Biofouling Performance

“…The particle size distribution varied from 100 to 200 nm for CS-Ag-H (Figure 5L), from 120 to 350 nm for CS-Ag-M (Figure 5K) and from 80 to 180 nm for CS-Ag-L (Figure 5J). The distribution presented a wide range in size distribution due to the size of the CS structure, and in considering the three molecular weights, the minimum and maximum range of the particle size distribution was 80 and 350 nm, respectively [60,61]. In this study, the smaller particles were presented for the particles of low molecular weight; and the appreciation observed in the morphology in the SEM images (Figure 5A,B) suggested the same behavior.…”

Silver and Antimicrobial Polymer Nanocomplexes to Enhance Biocidal Effects

“…Nonetheless, both APs presented a rather satisfying coating ability after only 2 h of incubation. CH is known as an AP that is a strong chelating agent, and it has been widely used as a stabilizer to prevent the agglomeration of Ag-NPs [51,52]. In this work, the coating ability of CH was tested with 0 min and 30 min and 2 and 4 h of incubation, reaching an optimal coating performance after 4 h of incubation.…”

Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products

“…Silver nanoparticles, in particular, are excellent materials in the biomedical field [ 119 , 120 ]. Synthesized from plant extracts, silver nanoparticles are not only safe in composition but also demonstrate potent antimicrobial effects [ 121 ]. Their high surface area-to-volume ratio enables them to penetrate bacterial cell walls, alter membrane structures, and even eliminate target cells.…”

“…Furthermore, chitosan serves as a coating on the surface of silver nanoparticles, acting as a stabilizer to prevent agglomeration and enhance the effectiveness of nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents. This property results in natural plant silver nanoparticles exhibiting superior stability and more potent antimicrobial effects [ 121 ]. The primary antimicrobial mechanism of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) involves the generation of ROS, which can target multiple sites, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and enzymes [ 125 ].…”